Kidney Failure and Ultramarathoning Four days after winning the Seagate 100 km Ultramarathon in Toledo, Ohio, I was hospitalized for 11 days with Acute Kidney Failure, a direct consequence of the race, possibly exacerbated by the 2400 mg of ibuprofen that I took during the race. In this article, I will describe my race and my hospitalization, discuss similar experiences of two runners after the 1994 Western States (WS) 100 Mile Endurance Run, and tell what I have learned that might be of general interest. I am 49 years old and have been running ultras regularly since 1979. My most memorable performances have included - winning the first ultra I ran, a 6:10 50 miler in my hometown of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, - winning a Sri Chinmoy 12-hour race near San Francisco in 1989, covering almost 78 miles, - second in 45-49 age group in national championship 100 km in 8:51 in New York City in 1993, and - representing the US in the 1994 Italian Del Passatore 100 km, where I finished 54th of 3500 participants in 9:39. The Seagate Ultras on November 26, 1994, included races of 60 km, 50 miles, and 100 km, each run on the same 1.1 mile loop. There were approximately 10, 10, and 6 runners, respectively, in these races, which were judged separately. My 9:29 time for 100 km was not very fast, but it won that race easily, and I also went through 60 km and 50 miles faster than anyone in those races. So I am not a novice. The weather for the race was ideal by my standards, with temperatures in the 30s, light wind, and no precipitation. I was drinking water and/or Gatorade almost every lap, so I don't think dehydration was a cause of my problem. One unusual feature of the race is that I stopped to urinate at least 25 times, whereas usually I stop about 6 times in a race of that duration. I attributed that to the cool weather keeping me from sweating. One factor which is probably significant is that three weeks before the race, during an easy run the day after an excellent 41-mile training run, I injured a calf muscle. I used electronic stimulation to promote healing, and ran very little during the three weeks preceding the race. This area bothered me frequently during the race, feeling as if it wanted to cramp.
Woodrow Wilson most well known for being the 28th president of the United States. Wilson began his life young life in Princeton. Then later became the President of Princeton. After his stunt at Princeton Wilson decided to tackle politics. Where he became the 28th President and led the country through World War 1. Wilson then contributed to the creation of the Treaty of Versailles following the World War. Wilson's dedication to the country was incredible and portrays how hard work leads to results.
In the 1988 Summer Olympics, an unbelievable feat occurred. The feat happened during one of the premiere events, the 100 meter dash. The event was set up to be a great race between Carl Lewis of the United States and Ben Johnson of Canada. This did not happen. Ben Johnson blew away the field running a 9.79, a world record. Carl Lewis finished a distant second with a 9.88 ("Ben Johnson").
The frontal lobe is located in the most anterior part of the brain hemispheres. It is considered responsible for much of the behavior that makes possible stable and adequate social relations. Self-control, planning, judgment, the balance of individual versus social needs, and many other essential functions underlying effective social intercourse are mediated by the frontal structures of the brain. (3) Antonio and Anna Damasio, two noted Portuguese neurologists and researchers working in the University of Iowa, have been investigating in the last decade the neurological basis of psychopathy.
Theodorakis, N. (2013). Psychopathy and its relationship to criminal behaviour . IALS Student Law Review. 1 (1) 47-56. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/u1273529/Downloads/1705-2277-1-PB%20(1).pdf.
Juarez, M., Kiehl, K., & Calhoun, V. (2013). Intrinsic limbic and paralimbic networks are associated with criminal psychopathy. Human Brain Mapping, 34(8), 1921-1930. doi:10.1002/hbm.22037
Be that as it may, Theodore Roosevelt, Taft's forerunner, was disappointed with his execution as president and propelled an outsider run. This split the Republican vote, guaranteeing Wilson's win. At the flare-up of World War I in Europe on July 26, 1914, Wilson pronounced America impartial, trusting that "to battle, you should be merciless and heartless, and the soul of savage mercilessness will go into the very fiber of our national life"— delivering a moment crusade motto. Despite the fact that Woodrow Wilson's legacy on world peace, ladies' rights and work change is commendable, his record on race must be depicted as inauspicious. As President of the United States, he named various Southern Democrats to his Cabinet. Together with their partners in Congress, individuals from his organization moved back a number of the progressions African Americans had made in government work since the Civil War. Wilson had begun to look all starry eyed at Ellen Louise Axson, an expert craftsman, at chapel while voyaging and working at his Atlanta law rehearse in 1883. In the wake of leaving office in 1921, the Wilsons moved to a home in northwest Washington, D.C., where Woodrow Wilson kicked the bucket at 67 years old, on February 3, 1924. He was covered in the Washington National
In 2000 an article was published in Science by Dr. Richard Davidson at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. It showed a study conducted by Davidson on those who had previously committed violent crimes versus those who are considered for the most part, “normal.” The results showed distinct brain activity in the more violent offenders in the frontal lobe and limbic system. This leads us to conclude that those who are violent could potentiall...
In the last years a model of developmental vulnerability to psychopathy is evolving. The last technology in brain imaging as well as genetic twin studies have facilitated the investigation of correlations between deviant behaviour, genetic differences and dysfunctional brain (Viding, 2012). As discussed previously, a subgroup of children with early onset antisocial behaviour and the presence of CU traits, specify a subset of children with a more severe, aggressive and stable pattern of antisocial behaviour. These children show a specific neurocognitive profile that denote defects in affect processing and that could be precursory markers of adult psychopathy (Viding, Jones, Frick & Moffitt, 2008)
Neuroscientist and University of California professor Jim Fallon’s Ted Talk discusses how the interaction of genes, brain damage, and environment contribute to the development of psychopathic killers. Through a serious of blind experiments, Fallon compared EEGS, PET scans and genetic analysis between 70 subjects. The result of his research is very interesting. Fallon and his team found that there is a very specific time period in which brain damage occurs that causes psychopathic traits to be developed. He found that all of the killers he researched had experienced brain damage in their orbital cortex and the interior section of the temporal lobe. I was interested to learn that humans have a
I trained putting in the distance trying to get use to nonstop running unsure of what to expect. I knew it was like nothing I have ever attempted before. Now if you think I’m crazy, my friends thought the same, and you are probably right as a runner you are insane to subject your mind and body to something that excruciating. Why not a marathon? Marathons are generally run on asphalt while I enjoy trail running, in addition, people run those everyday so I knew I was within my limits to complete one. An ultramarathon was so far out of my comfort zone I couldn’t not do one. Only a select few people complete them, as it takes a
Also at the University of Wisconsin the Madison a study of brain scans of criminal psychopaths revealed that the criminal decreased connectivity between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). If there is low connectivity between these two structures of the brain, there is no strong negative emotion felt by the psychopath. This study shows some correlation between brain abnormalities and criminal
A race is scored by the amount of time it takes an athlete to cover the pre-described distance. Typically, the time is measured from the starting gun to t...
Operant conditioning uses “Law of Effects”. Basically, rewarding somebody for something positive they have done, can increase the chances of doing it again. Positive reinforcement is rewarding someone for doing a great job. Negative reinforcement is reinforcing or giving a consequence for making a poor choice. (Think of it as positive reinforcement is making a habit, and negative reinforcement is breaking a habit.)
A psychopath is someone who is unable to live harmoniously in society due to their profound lack of compassion, empathy, conscience, and remorse (Hare, 1993). Many psychopathic symptoms have been proposed to result from cognitive and emotional processing impairments. The concept of a psychopath is often of a ruthless and dangerous criminal, an image commonly depicted in the media and film. Though psychopaths do make up an estimated 40% of dangerous offenders in Canada, it is the non-violent manipulators and cheaters, like white-collar criminals and unethical business people, who can have the most impact on the general population (Bonta & Motiuk; 1996, Hare, 1993). Therefore, understanding the cognitive bases and development of psychopathy can allow exploration into possible interventions and treatments, as well as identifying measures for use in diagnosing psychopathy in childhood and adolescence. Additionally, the deciphering of abnormal processes can give insight into normal functioning, thus helping to expand current knowledge. This paper reviews conclusions that processing of
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).