Isolating Keratin protein is done through oxidation and reduction. Keratin can be converted into soluble proteins in acid and be digestible by trypsin or pepsin when oxidized. After oxidation, reduction occurs in an alkaline reaction (basic solutions) with optimum pH of 10-13. Reduction also considered as hydrolysis dissolves disulfide groups, which then starts unravelling the fibrous keratin structures. Reductants such as thioglycolic acid, potassium cyanide and sodium sulfide/sulfite can be used to dissolve the disulfide groups. Scientists normally uses thioglycolic acid as their reduction solution because it specifically dissociates the disulfide bonds to sulfhydryl groups without further altering the rest of the protein. The remaining proteins are then soluble in acidic solution, with a precise isoelectric point (pH at which molecule carry no net electrical charge). In doing so, proteins are then digested by pepsin and trypsin, attacking the protein molecule very slowly. This oxidation and reduction method can extract keratin effectively and efficiently. …show more content…
Its clinical significance was utilized when proteins were still called albuminoids. The earliest recorded use of keratin in medicine was by Li Shi-Zhen, a Chinese herbalist in 1596. His published book, Ben Cao Gang Mu recorded one of his prescription medicine Xue Yu Tan or “Crinis Carbonisatus”, made from ground ash of pyrolized human hair. His medicine was believed to accelerate wound healing and blood clotting. Around 1905, John Hoffmeier describe his unique way of isolating the keratin protein for his own prescriptions. He was using lime to extract keratin from an animal’s horns, using the extracted keratin and crosslinking formaldehyde to make a topical
This reaction is an example of the synthesis of a carboxylic acid utilizing a Grignard reagent. The reaction starts with the formation of a Grignard reagent; when the bromine on bromobenzene bonds to magnesium metal using the solvent, anhydrous diethyl ether. Using an ether is important due to the ability for its lone electron pairs help to stabilize the positive charge on magnesium. Once the Grignard reagent is obtained, the carbon, from the dry ice, will kick off the magnesium bromide and replace it. As this happens, water is reacted with it and thus adds a hydrogen onto the single bonded oxygen. Figure 1 shows the sublimation of dry ice with the Grignard reagent during this step. This will create an alcohol, specifically benzoic acid. After this step, the compound has replaced the magnesium bromide on the cyclohexane. In addition, biphenyl is produced as a side product. In the next step, addition of sodium hydroxide, the sodium will replace the hydrogen on the alcohol. Upon addition of HCl, the benzoic acid is freed from its salt and precipitates out of solution. Figure 3 shows the finished product of the Benzoic acid obtained. The product was a fine white powder.
In this experiment, I was making a sample of aspirin and then testing it in order to see how pure the sample of aspirin was. By doing this experiment, I was leaning how to crystalize products, and then used the theoretical yield, along with the percentage yield in order to calculate the amount of aspirin that I had created in the sample. Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, meaning this medication can reduce inflammation, fever, and pain by blocking the enzymes that promote these issues, and reducing the production of more of these enzymes all over the body.
Al-Nafis, besides drawing on pharmacy and drugs used from around the world, introduced the idea of mathematical calculation of proper drug dosages, and Al-Razi building off that idea in al Hawi fit-Tibb included a section on pharmacy which pioneered chemotherapy with a variety of mineral drugs (Rahman). Prior to this, tumors were treated primarily with cauterization. Al-Zahrawi introduced many modern pharmacological treatments such as nasal sprays, mouth washes and hand creams. As already noted, sulfur was found an effective topical treatment for scabies, and opium (in modernity purified to morphine) an effective anaesthetic. Many other drugs discovered to have therapeutic use during the Golden Age of the Islamic Empire endure today—including the use of copper sulphate to heal open skin lesions (Stewart 127) and various unguents, plasters, counter-irritants, and pomades
The purpose of this experiment involved synthesis of diphenylmethanol using phenylmagenisum bromide and benzaldehyde, using the method called Grignard reaction. Grignard reactions are an important method for new carbon-carbon bond formation as well as for the synthesis of alcohols.
I would suggest to students performing the nitration to make sure their benzoic acid product is very fine and broken up before reacting it, as it has a tendency to clump together when it dries and thus proves very difficult to react in solution. I would also suggest keeping a very close eye on the temperature when adding the sulfuric/nitric acid mixture dropwise, as the reaction has a tendency to spike in temperature
Sulfur is mainly found in the body in amino acids (such as methionine and cysteine) as well as connective
In the ancient and medieval time, antipyretic agents were only found in willow bark and in cinchona bark [2]. Willow bark was used as a pain reliever [3]. People were advised to chew on the bark in order to relieve pain and fever [3]. Cinchona bark was used for increasing appetite, however people also used it for common cold and fever [4]. When the cinchona tree started to decrease in the 1880s, people started to look for other alternatives [2]. During the 1880s, antipyretics agents were developed, which were acetanilide and phenacetin [2]. These properties of acetaminophen were discovered by accident [2]. It occurred when the molecule acetanilide was added to a patient’s prescription [2]. By this time, this drug had been synthesized via the reduction of p-nitorphenol [2]. However the drug acetaminophen was still not used medically for another 20 years [2]. In 1893, acetaminophen was found in the urine sample of an individual who had taken phenacetin [2]. This drug was concentrated into an odorless, white, crystalline compound that was found to have a bitter taste [2]. Acetaminophen was discovered to be a metabolite of acetanilide, however the discovery was ignored at that time [2]. It was later on that acetaminophen was found to have pain and fever relieving properties
There was also talk about the new uses for cultured skin. Using cultured skin for ulcers and in vitro experiments are a couple of new uses for the product. Ulcers are accompanied by the issue of dead skin and the cultured skin can be used to help grow back some of the skin. This is also a very interesting subject when it comes to laboratory testing.
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that involves reaction rates and the steps that follow in. It tells you how fast a reaction can happen and the steps it takes to make complete the reaction (2). An application of chemical kinetics in everyday life is the mechanics of popcorn. The rate it pops depends on how much water is in a kernel. The more water it has the quicker the steam heats up and causes a reaction- the popping of the kernel (3). Catalysts, temperature, and concentration can cause variations in kinetics (4).
Ishaan Sangwan Experiment 7: Grignard Reaction Discussion In this experiment, a Grignard reaction was performed to create a carbon-carbon bond, between a bromide and carbon dioxide. The product was then protonated to form a carboxylic acid, which was identified by obtaining its melting point, and by performing a titration with NaOH to obtain its molecular weight. In organometallic chemistry, carbon is bound to a metal.
time. The result of this method dried the skin of the body into a leathery
Falak Mdahi Chem 203.2 The Synthesis of Acetanilide from Acetic Anhydride and Aniline Introduction Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solids that contain small amounts of impurities. It is used to isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution, leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid.
Discussion: In the experiment of enzyme kinetics, inhibition and concentration of substrate were investigated. The effect of these two factors will be determined through an experiment of four different concentrations of the inhibitor, and five different concentrations of substrate. Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 provide an observation for the change in absorbance with time in the presence of different concentrations of inhibitor, and in the absence of inhibitor (phosphate).
Protease is an enzyme that has the ability to break the peptide bonds of proteins into amino acids (Mitchell et al., 2007). Protease breaks down peptide bonds to engender amino acids and other more diminutive peptides. It can be isolated from a mixture of sources such as plants, animals and microbes (fungi and bacteria). It has broad application and for many years used in many fields such as in food and detergents industries (Yandri et al., 2008). Except alkaline protease all protease works best in acidic conditions which has its optimal activity shown in alkaline (basic) pH (Mitchell et al., 2007). Proteases may be acidic, neutral and alkaline in nature .Alkaline proteases have pH range in between 7.0 and 14.0, but between pH 9.0 and 11.0