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Gender stereotypes and their development
Conclusion on gender stereotypes development
Development of gender stereotypes
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Written within the 20th volume of the Canadian Journal of Philosophy is an entry by a young feminist named Kathleen Okruhlik. Within this entry she postulates the idea that biological studies and sciences are under the falsification of sexism, the idea is that the male has always been the primary subject of study and too this day still maintains focus on the male over the female. She also explains as to how the biological studies focus on the male and how it mates, while the female is the ideal figure always represented for being submissive. The entire image that has been a painted over the years, all the work and research done has been under a somewhat undeniable account of sexism. The general study of the biology has been influenced from …show more content…
Reading things like it’s the male’s dominance that leads to rape while the female is to remain fragile or that the male’s role is always appearing to be more important and interesting when compared to those of women. Kathleen wrote in her journal “Many feminist criticisms of primatology and sociobiology focus on the fact that male struggle, male competition, and male inventiveness are portrayed as the bases for human evolution.” (Okruhlik, pg. 24) The role of males in tool making was considered to be an early indication of the advanced intelligence in males along with other things like weapons and defending from predators. Females roles weren’t even included in the text along with the male’s roles while in reality it was proven that “Some recent work, however, has suggested that up to 80% of the subsistence diet of what used to be called hunter-gatherer societies came from female gatherers.” (Okruhlik, pg. 25) And not only that but females took a large role in the making of tools and actually thought to have invented the tools contrary to the males doing it. Even …show more content…
27) This is another example as to how biology is sexist, the idea that this fact was proven to be false but still to this day would be treated in a rather demeaning way just adds to the argument. That being said while I do agree that the biological studies presented in the past and today do have an underlying sexist history, I don’t agree to the extent that many feminists claim. Biology is sexist, there is no argument about it, the past has caused our present to be male oriented while the females are represented in a “slightly” misdeeming way. I say slightly because that’s to what degree I agree biology is sexist, I do not believe that woman have been deprived to the point it is required to make a huge statement about the process. That being said this is being stated by a male who has had little feminist experiences in his life but at the same time I am not saying that to a certain
Connell: Chapter 4 “Sex Differences & Gendered Bodies”: I found this entire chapter quite intriguing, but I really appreciate the way that Connell approaches the ways in which males and females differ, and yet she also points out how there is no significant difference in brain anatomy and function between sexes. I found the statement by neuroscientist Lesley Rogers incredibly interesting, she states, “The brain does not choose to be wither a female or a male type. In any aspect of brain function that we can measure, there is considerable overlap between females and males” (p.52). This statement when paired with information about the affect social processes have on the body is mind boggling to realize, as Connell states, “biology bends to the hurricane of social discipline” (p.55). It is unnerving to think that I am merely a product of my society.
Throughout history, it is clear that men are usually seen to be advantaged by the logic of domination while females tend to be disadvantaged. Whether it be in the workplace, household, or even the bible men have always been inferior to women. Through history, cultural norms and stereotypes gender roles were created and have been present throughout society. Although it is believed that males are more advantaged than females the texts Eve and Adam: Genesis 2-3 Reread by Phyllis Trible and The Creation and Fall of Man and Woman explain how men and woman are in fact equal and maybe even disadvantaged by these cultural arrangements. Therefore, throughout history it is clear that gender discourses would allow one to believe that men are advantaged
The overriding right to bodily autonomy is considered characteristically male by many feminists. Females in contrasts seem to be assumed to be
Men are no longer hunting dangerous animals for daily meals, and women are in combat roles in the United States Military. However, the belief that a woman's main function is to provide creature comforts and continue the species has been slow to keep up with the changing realities of current gender roles. In the early industrial age, men lifted, placed, screwed, adjusted and quality checked hundreds of components that made up a final product. Now most of that is automated.
Throughout history, women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Centuries ago, people looked at the role of women in society as being sociologically inferior. Seeing the revival of the Feminist movement, which boldly opposes the stereotypical characteristics of women in society, on one hand, and promotes the elevation of women's status in society, on the other, one would not find it hard to believe the drastic differences in opinion of people on this issue. What is amazing is how these differences reflect upon scholarly works in science.
Enter into any café on the UCSC campus for a prolonged period of time and you are likely to hear the words “gender is a social construct”. Initially you’ll think to yourself, “what a load of granola” this is an expected reaction because for most people the concept of “gender” is natural. Its not until you are able to see how the idea of gender is constructed from physiological differences between males and females as discussed by researcher Miller AE and his team of scientists. Or how men possess great privilege because of gender roles, and women are seen as objects, that you will truly be able to understand that gender is nothing but a social contract. Authors Gloria Anzaldúa, Marjane Satrapi, and Virginia Woolf discuss in their novels Borderlands,
In “The Gender Blur: Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over?” Deborah Blum states that “gender roles of our culture reflect an underlying biology” (Blum 679). Maasik and Solomon argue that gender codes and behavior “are not the result of some sort of natural or biological destiny, but are instead politically motivated cultural constructions,” (620) raising the question whether gender behavior begins in culture or genetics. Although one may argue that gender roles begin in either nature or nurture, many believe that both culture and biology have an influence on the behavior.
While women continue to be ranked as the weaker sex by popular opinion, feminists have bright hopes in a change towards their liberation. As Rebecca Solnit stated, “feminism has just started and it’s not stopping now. We are witnessing a full-fledged war, not of the sexes but of gender roles”(Solnit). Feminism and the right to equality has been a long and arduous struggle for women before the Civil Rights Act. The Feminine Mystique sparked a change, questioning society, which continues today as women fight for equal treatment regardless of laws that claim for their protection. Feminists will continue to fight for the day where women will be treated as equals, where there will be no gender bias, and for the day when a woman can state her mind, just as her male counterpart, without being called an uptight
...socially directed hormonal instructions which specify that females will want to have children and will therefore find themselves relatively helpless and dependent on males for support and protection. The schema claims that males are innately aggressive and competitive and therefore will dominate over females. The social hegemony of this ideology ensures that we are all raised to practice gender roles which will confirm this vision of the nature of the sexes. Fortunately, our training to gender roles is neither complete nor uniform. As a result, it is possible to point to multitudinous exceptions to, and variations on, these themes. Biological evidence is equivocal about the source of gender roles; psychological androgyny is a widely accepted concept. It seems most likely that gender roles are the result of systematic power imbalances based on gender discrimination.9
The females were supposed to be very proper and real and more attention was put on the female 's virginity. The gender roles are determined by the sexuality and manliness and feminism of the individual. This shows how some of the roles are chosen for the males and females. Males and females who were talented in the center of their manliness and feminism appropriately were acclaimed. Fortunate females got to take over men 's roles in the tribe.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, scientists armed with important discoveries and novel techniques began to reevaluate the theories of race and sex. One of the important thinkers of this time was the Scottish biologist Patrick Geddes. Like many other scientists of the time, Geddes applied Darwinian evolutionary theory to other non-scientific contexts. Although Geddes is more commonly associated with social ideologies such as economics, education, and urbanization, this examination will be limited to the impact of his ideologies regarding societal gender roles and sex-determination on society and the scientific community. The book entitled Sex, co-written by Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson was published in 1914 and concentrated on these issues of sex. The authors extrapolated on initial claims from their first book together, The Evolution of Sex by utilizing more “current” discoveries. The foundations for the ideas inherent in both books stem from August Weismann’s germ-plasm theory and Darwin’s evolutionary theory. Use of the latter theory is unsurprising since Geddes was the protégé of T.H. Huxley, often referred to as Darwin’s bulldog because of his infamous advocation of Darwinian theories. Nonetheless, the importance of Geddes work on societal gender roles and sex-determination is evidenced through his descriptions that allude to male superiority, while maintaining the view that women are not defective..
Prior to the use of agriculture, life was extremely different for women. The information that historians have obtained is limited, but there are certain aspects of Paleolithic society that have been discovered and point towards a more liberal lifestyle for women. Generally, a woman’s job was to gather food and tend to her children while her male counterpart hunted. These simple divisions allowed both men and women to play significant roles in hunter-gatherer society, which further allowed women to be held in equal if not greater esteem then men. According to Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis and Anthony Elser, authors of World History: Connections to Today, women also held...
As we discuss the articles of Anne Fausto- Streling, “The Five Sexes, Revisited” and Marjorie Garber, “The Return to Biology” in class we came to see how these two articles could bring up such controversy. As they question our perspective on human nature as we have always known it to be, from “The Five Sexes, Revisited” stating “absolute dimorphism disintegrates even at the level of basic biology” (176), to “The Return of Biology” saying “Society mandates the control of intersexual bodies because they blur and bridge the great divide” (184). We see many different aspects on how human biology or culture is more than what meets the eye. All I can begin to say is everything we, as the human species, do revolves around dimorphism no matter the questions or contradictions that may arise. The idea that only two sexes exist is still firmly maintained in our society as how things are suppose to be aka the “norm”.
With this week’s readings, many interesting articles were discussed but the one that struck me the most would be Christine Delphy’s article, “Rethinking sex and gender.” This specific article brought about points and perspectives that I had never experienced before prior to the reading. What was even more shocking, however, was when I discovered that some of the fallacies that Delphy had mentioned in the article were already ingrained in myself. For example, within Delphy’s first examination she points out that there is a hidden assumption that sex precedes gender since it is a biologically derived characteristic and this was an assumption that I found to make myself. Even though I thought that this article would just be another simple read for me, it turned out that it was quite the enlightening experience as it provided insight into how gender roles and classification developed as well as providing a lot of interesting arguments. However, what I connected with most would be the later part of the article that specifically focuses on the topics of hierarchy and division.
The strengths of the first key argument that women are solely dependent on the male for survival is that she consistently uses animal imagery in order to explain her point. For example, “The female bee and ant are economically dependent, but not on the male.” (Gilman, 1898: 5) and “in the case of the common cat, she not only feeds herself and her young, but has to defend the young against the male as well.” (Gilman, 1898: 5). This strengthens her argument as the text continuously provides examples and comparisons to females in various other species.