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Arguments for reincarnation in Hinduism
How is karma understood in buddhism
Hindu and buddhist karma
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Recommended: Arguments for reincarnation in Hinduism
Karma is a Sanskrit word that primarily means action but has since gained various meanings and connotations over time (Thakkar, 2015). The circumstances that determine the direction of a person’s rebirth is karma (Molloy, 2010). Research examines the implications of believers in karma – the belief that the universe bestows rewards for a person doing the right things and exacts punishment for doing the wrong things (Kurlow, & Kramer, 2016). Overall, the general Hindu notion of rebirth assumes that at one point in time, each human being has existed as a “lower” form, such as an insect, an animal, or even as a plant (Molloy, 2010). Moreover, within Hinduism belief, it also recognizes grades of human life, ranging from limited and painful to …show more content…
Otherwise, in a certain way, the belief of karma allows for upward mobility because of human beings, by their own actions, have influence over their future rebirths (Molloy, 2010). Therefore, by accumulating positive karma, Hindus can eventually break free from the cycles of death and birth in order to achieve liberation or moksha, which results in a complete union with God (Breuilly, O’Brien, & Palmer, 1997). Although, some believers hold that karma’s cycles of rebirth make a somewhat automatic progress towards moksha, but that it is a very slow and lengthy process (Breuilly, O’Brien, & Palmer, 1997). Modern Hindu philosophers have continued to argue for a clearer way of comprehending karma, adding that a person’s free will rather than fatalism characterized the karma’s operation (Knott, …show more content…
Jains believe that a person’s thoughts and deeds attract karma and that a person’s actions from his or her past, decide the quality of life that he or she presently has (Gupta, 2016). Therefore, Jiva, the soul, carries these karma particles from a person’s present life to the next which adhere to it (Gupta, 2016). In addition, Jains also seek liberation by freeing themselves from the rebirth cycle by ridding all karma attached to the soul, and following their vows and living in the right physical and mental state (Gupta,
Radhakrishna reinterpreted the Hindu beliefs of reincarnation and a determined life based on past ones in a more western manner. This faith heavily relies on karma and “Just as there is cause and effect in the physical universe, so it exists in the moral universe.”5 Radhakrishna believes that “...the laws of Karma rule our free will in the sense of an undetermined action and that we always carry our whole past with us, he does not believe that our destiny is predetermined.” All the actions we 've made in the past define who we are, and we consult the past to make decisions about our future. The Akan have a more determined belief with God assigning your life a path, a destiny. “The Akan concept of destiny insists that every human being has a destiny that was fixed beforehand and that it is precisely this destiny that makes each individual unique.”6 Gyeke argues, though, that there is still a range of choice a person has, that destiny only comes into play when they experience repeated failures, that they weren 't meant to do that action or decision. This concept also still allows for accidents and
Karma. The big working force in our universe that has captured the attention of billions of people on this planet. Karma has become something to blame our transgressions on. We constantly hear: “Watch out, karma will get you!” in our society, but do we really know where this idea of karma comes from? Or how this idea relates to our lives? We have to trace the idea of karma back to its roots in the ancient Asian religious traditions. Karma is thrown around as a term of superstitious belief in popular American culture today, but it still plays an immense role in shaping the destiny of millions of people today.
Listening as the family spoke to me about what is important in their family I couldn’t help but refer back to Marcus and Conner’s idea of interdependence versus independence. As the family spoke to me on how important it is that the soul reincarnates itself, which is when all bad karma is out of the body, I kept referring to the independent self. But often again when they spoke of theologies and learning constantly from what they take from others around them, I found interdependence. Both selves balance each other out but do not reside on one more than the other. Adhita kept telling me the main goal of being a Hindu is “self-realization or just to be free from any type of suffering or hardship/bad karma,” (You achieve this through reincarnation) you have to acknowledge the simultaneous efforts that take place to achieve this goal. “You can’t just set a high sta...
Hindus believe that when a soul expires, it acquires rebirth in a new body. This cycle is called samsara. To be set free from the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth one must discover their true nature in order to be with the Brahman in Nirvana. In figure G a picture of a Cambodian statue of the A.D. 900 of Brahma meditating is presented. Nirvana is a state where pain, worry and the outer world do not exist. When a person in Hindu religion has bad Karma, they must take rebirth multiple times. The sacred source of all existence is divided among three gods. Brahma is the creator, Vishnu is the preserver, and Shiva is the destroyer. All three contribute to a person’s life and death and afterlife. In figure H a picture of a Vishnu sculpture is shown, and in figure I a picture of a sculpture of Shiva is
Karma and rebirth were used to reinforce the responsibility of each caste. When Arjuna had uncertainty about whether or not to fight against members of his family, Kṛṣṇa attempted to persuade him that “No one is able to destroy that imperishable soul” (2.17) because “For the soul there is neither birth nor death at any time” (2.20). The Hindu religion believes that the body is just temporary for t...
The concept of reincarnation is related to karma, karma deals with a system of rewards and punishment based on the actions of the individual (Oxtopy & Segal 266). Due to bad karma by the individual, it takes many lifetimes for the karma to be worked out; reincarnation also known as samsara in Hinduism is an ongoing cycle of death and rebirth. To be released from the cycle of samsara, to achieve moksha one must reach enlightenment (Oxtopy & Segal 266-267). In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna, an incarnation of the ultimate deity as a personal god in the Hindu religion, explains three ways to moksha: the way of action, the way of knowledge, and the way of devotion. The Gita also made it clear that one should strive for moksha in everyday of our life as long as we act without attachment (Oxtopy & Segal 274). Reincarnation a concept widely receive by Hindu’s around the world, there are evidence to support the truth of this concept.
"In Hinduism, salvation is achieved through a spiritual oneness of the soul, atman, with the ultimate reality of the universe, Brahman. To achieve this goal, the soul must obtain moksha, or liberation from the samsara, the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. As a result of these basic teachings, Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is influenced by karma (material actions resulting from the consequences of previous actions), and dharma (fulfilling one's duty in life)"(Teachings and Beliefs, 2004, par. 1).
There is much to be said of the Hindu insights on death, and only a fraction of it fit into the four pages you will find at the center of this issue. We intend to do more in the future and welcome readers' contributions. Our objective is to share the message of the awakened ones who conquered death and knew the body's dissolution as freedom from bondage, as liberation into the Light, as a flowing of the finite into the Infinite. They asked us to think fearlessly about death, to fathom its meaning. They urged us in exiting life to let go of the ego and be the immortal Self which time and again shrugs off the shackles of sorrow.
Murray, David Christie. Reincarnation, Ancient Beliefs and Modern Evidence. London, England: David & Charles, 1981
Moksha is a common belief in the Hindu religion and it describes a state where one’s soul connects with God’s soul. In the Hindu religion, achieving moksha removes one from the cycle of life and death, which is the state of reincarnation as one moves from one life to the next. In essence, moksha is a state of unification of one’s soul with that of the creator, therefore achieving oneness of atman and Brahman. This essay discusses the various similarities and differences that exist between Buddhist Nirvana and Hindu Moksha. It can be noted that Buddha was raised in a rich family and he lived through the riches up to some point in his life when he realized that he wanted to discover something different.
The status of a given person at birth reflects their deeds and religious devotion from past lives, but this does not prevent anyone from being able to move forward towards enlightenment in their current or future lives. Buddhism bases one’s birth on the theory of karma, which is continually changing with each action done by a person, which creates an incentive for positive action. The malleable nature of karma gives people the freedom to move up and down in the social hierarchy instead of being stuck in whichever position they were born into. For more religious devotees or people who are further along the path to enlightenment, karma serves as a vehicle to come closer to enlightenment in a future life. However, for the less enlightened it is more difficult to fathom the attainment of liberation in a successive life, so karma
Some people believe that karma means action and reaction, this is not strictly true, karma actually means " `act', `action' or `activity' "(Fowler. 1997. p11). It can be said, however, that for every action there must be a reaction. Karma is not confined to physical actions, mental actions also count. So Hindus believe that everything a person does or thinks is an action and depending on whether the action is good or bad that person receives good or bad karma as a reaction. "So, if some are happy then they must have done good in the past; if others are suffering they must have done something bad." "This is not fatalism; the law of karma says that we alone - not God or the Devil - are responsible for our fate" (Prinja. 1998. p36). Karma returns to us through everything we do. If a person does something good, with the sole intention of bettering him or herself, they will receive bad karma. Good karma is only received when a person commits a good action without thinking of himself or herself. Most Hindus will spend their entire lives attempting to accrue more good than bad karma. In the case of someone who has accrued sufficiently high levels of bad karma, the said person's spirit may not return after reincarnation as a human. It is possible for a spirit to return as an animal " in order to reap the results of bad karma until it is used up sufficiently to allow reincarnation as a human being once more." (Fowler. 1999. p208). This karma builds up inside a person in the form of the jivatman or personality.
If someone were to bring up the terms karma, moksha, and nirvana in western society, one might explain karma as “what goes around comes around,” nirvana as a ‘90s alternative rock band, and give a questionable look for moksha. But if they also understood that these were religious terms, they might say how they are the same ideas that are expressed differently in different religions. Overall they are correct, but looking deeper into the concepts one would find that they hold significant differences within religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is also important to understand why they hold the power they do within these religions. In western society, karma comes up in conversation when something bad happens to someone else, and then another bad thing happens to you.
Karma, also known as Karman is a basic concept common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The doctrine of Karma states that one's state in this life is a result of actions both physical and mental in past carnations, and action in this life can determine one's destiny in future incarnations. Karma is a natural, impersonal law of moral cause and effect and has no connection with the idea of a supreme power that decrees punishment of forgiveness of sins. Karmic law is universally applicable, and only those who have attained liberation from rebirth, called mukti (or moksha) or nirvana, can be transcend it. (The Columbia Encyclopedia)
The original Vedic texts were mostly comprised of hymns to gods and rules of sacrificial rituals; the purpose of which was to provide ancestors with food and means of sustenance in the kingdom of Yama (the afterworld). As a result of their devotion people expected certain favorable influences in their lives, such as good fortune and yet better life in the kingdom of Yama after their death. Sacrifices were supposed to be a means of survival in the kingdom of Yama. As the Indian philosophies evolved, Hindus developed the concept of reincarnation. The essence of that concept lied in the belief that no one is able to remain in the afterworld forever and eventually should return to the cycle of life, death and rebirth. As transcendent as the concept of reincarnation was, it did not provide Hindus with an ultimate salvation from suffering. Thus every living thing must eventually suffer and die. Such views resulted in further development of Hindu religion, Hindu philosophers such as Manu questioned the concepts of Vedas and laid the foundation for a philosophy that transfo...