Famous psychologists such as Freud, Piaget, Erikson, Adler, and Maslow have a similar common factor. They are all contributed the development of psychology, and they are all male. Did women play a role in psychology in the early 1900s? Women such as Ainsworth, Klein, Calkins, and Anna Freud were all significant figures who impacted psychology. Among these females, another woman in particular stands out, Karen Horney. She is best known for her critique of Sigmund Freud, being one of the founders of Neo-Freudianism, a departure from Freudian orthodoxy. This was a tremendous milestone because females did not have an option during this time and she was bold with her thoughts and beliefs. Overall, she has been a positive influence in psychology despite her setbacks, personal issues and criticism; she impacted the field with her viewpoints, and made a …show more content…
Women were not given the same respect as men in field; moreover, women were often not allowed to be in medical practices at all. Horney was also unhappily married and divorced moved to a new country, and faced criticism of her own by rejecting Freud’s theories on psychoanalysis (Smith, 2010). Although she faced a number of failures in her life, Horney kept a positive spirit and did not allow these events to keep her down. Even without any support, Horney continued to persue her medical degree, and successfully became an analyst in Germany. When she moved to America, she was forced to resign her position at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute, because she voiced her own option about Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. The Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis and the founding of the American Journal of Psychoanalysis was created by all of the difficulties and setbacks that Horney encountered all the way. Eventually, her ‘friends and colleagues opened the Karen Horney Clinic as a tribute to her work and dedication” (Jones,
The ocean is mysterious to mankind. The unfathomable vastness of the ocean intrigues humanity into exploring it. In life, the immense possibilities that lie in the future compel us to reach for the stars. In the poem “The Story” by Karen Connelly, an individual willingly swims into deep waters even though they are fearful of what may exist in the waters. The swimmer later finds out that their fears were foolish, which illustrates the human tendency to venture into the unknown. The theme conveyed in this poem is that life is like a rough, uncertain, uncontrollable ocean that we must find get through with experience.
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy was developed by Sigmund Freud during the Victorian Era in Vienna, Austria. Sigmund Freud’s psychological works set the base for the profession of psychology as well as the practice of modern psychotherapy. Freud believed human behavior was motivated by “intrapsychic conflict” stemming from the three areas of the subconscious: id, ego, and superego (Murdock, 2009).
Introduction Jeffrey Masson, a psychoanalyst, served as a Projects Director of the Sigmund Freud Archives when he became disillusioned with Freudian psychology. He was then fired after he tried advancing his own theories (Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, 1991). Janet Malcolm, an author and contributor to New Yorker Magazine, recorded many interviews with Masson and wrote an article containing many lengthy quotes about his relationship with the Sigmund Freud Archives (Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, 1991). Masson had warned New Yorker Magazine’s fact checker Nancy Franklin about many inaccuracies, but the article was published anyway, even though some of the quotes were nowhere to be found in the 40 recorded hours of the interview by Malcolm (Sadler, 2005). On top of being published in the New Yorker Magazine, a book publisher who had heard about the allegations of inaccurateness still decided to publish the quotations into a book, further damaging Masson’s reputation.
Lena Mary Calhoun Horne was born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 30, 1917 to Edwin and Edna Horne. Unfortunately, Horne’s father left the family when she was only three. Since her mother was an actress with a black theatre troupe that traveled, she lived in places like Georgia, and Miami. She also stayed with her grandparents for a while. After their deaths Horne moved in with a family friend. Shortly after she moved back in with her mother, whom just gotten married.
Sigmund Freud is known as the founding father of psychology. If it wasn’t for Freud and his work psychology probably wouldn’t be around today (Javel, 1999). Although Freud had many followers there were some who didn’t agree with his work and found his work to be very controversial. There were also many who criticized his work, one of his most controversial and criticized work was his psychosexual stages of development and his believes about the famous “Oedipus Complex.” Psychoanalysis is the first known modality used to treat individuals with psychological disorders. Freud’s work was a foundation for many whether they believed in his work or not. From his work other psychologist
In the summer of 1915, Anna Freud established personal success as she successfully passed her teacher's examination. (Dyer, 1983) At this time, her career path differed from that of her father, Sigmund. Anna displayed early indications of a desire to work with children, whereas her father’s work was primarily focused on psychoanalysis of adults. She began translating her father's works into German. When the Freud Family vacationed separately, Anna would write to her father asking clarifications of psychoanalytic terms. While Anna displayed the qualities of a more than apt pupil of her father’s life work, her endeavors and efforts would establish her preeminence as a child psychoanalyst, an adept researcher, and a teacher. According to Dyer, (1983) Anna’s readings and translations of her father’s works marked the beginning of her direct involvement with the work of her father.
He began his university studies at the University of Vienna in 1873. He was enrolled in medical school, but focused his attention on biology (Thornton par. 3). Between the years 1885 and 1886, Freud spent his time in Paris. He was amazed by the work of Jean Charcot and his hypnotism. However, once back in Vienna, he discovered that the effects of hypnotism did not last long. He worked with Josef Breuer and together they discovered that neuroses were caused by traumatic experiences. They tried to find way to bring out these experiences in their patients, hoping to cure them. They published their finding under the title, Studies in Hysteria (1895). Freud and Breuer soon parted, due to Breuer not agreeing with Freud’s belief on sexual origins. Freud believed sexual desires and instincts drove people to think and act they way they do (McLeod par. 2) Freud's theories were not received well by society until 1908. After he was invited to teach courses in the United States, he gained the reputation he is known for today (Thornton par. 6). He developed psychoanalysis as a new science. Freud's successful and, appearance wise, happy career contrasted against his personal
Embedded largely in women's discouraged ambitions and limited opportunities, a reaction of supposed hysteria cases occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Due to rise in this type of mental illness, the period became known as the “Golden Age of Hysteria.” Authorities of the time defined the problem in terms of femininity and female sexuality. Coming from the Greek term hysteron, meaning womb, hysteria was known as a strictly female illness that was caused by women's delicate constitutions and emotionality. Many doctors believed the uterus caused it, which was why they concluded that men could not become hysterical. (Showalter, p. 129)
Freud was a silver child and eventually went towards medical institute - which was one of the many feasible alternatives for a Jewish boy within Vienna. Freud was very thriving with his innovation, specially neurophysiology, and inven...
Sigmund Freud, the preeminent, 19th century, European neurologist and psychologist, designed a theory he labelled “psychoanalysis,” a theory which would transcend all borders and integrate itself deeply into many facets of society. In fact, an American named Kate Chopin, wrote a book entitled The Awakening, which was published at the turn of the 19th century, in which this theory played an integral role in expressing the complexity, relevance, and growth of the main character. The express importance of the main character displaying a Freudian psych is pertinent even in the modern time because it allows us to view the application of his theories around the time of their conception, trace their evolution and see the changes throughout the years. By possessing these comparisons, one could then gain insight as to how society and the individual has developed and progressed.
Horney was born in Germany in 1885. Her family was unsettling due to her father being absent most of the time because of work related circumstances. Horney was strongly independent and believed individuals were hypocritical of their religious beliefs. Similar to Freud, Horney studied medicine at the University of Freiburg. At the time, many opportunities were beginning to open for women in society. Horney initiated her theories with the explanation of basic anxiety. Unlike Freud, Horney came from a family who was less united. Her theory is relevant to her personal experiences and how she was able to cope with her issues. According to Langenderfer (1999), Horney’s thoughts on neurosis and psychoanalysis involve people coping with having complete control over the interpersonal problems. Horney describes neurosis as the feelings derived by culture. Freud, however, explains that neurosis is determined
Historically, theories about human nature and personality development did not reflect women’s visions, needs and opinions (Wellesley Centers for Women, 2011: Westkott 1989). However, Karen Horney, a psychoanalyst in the first half of the twentieth century began to question the concept of human nature being only associated with man and not woman (Eckardt, 2005). Through this questioning, Horney began to reinterpret Freud’s psychoanalytic theory on feminine psychology development, accumulating in fourteen papers written between 1922 and 1937 on feminine psychology (Smith, 2007). Published posthumously as Feminine Psychology (1967) these papers had a significant impact on feminist theory and have been cited as the ‘political and theoretical origins’
Stwertka, Eve. Psychoanalysis: from Freud to the Age of Therapy. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. Print.
Karen Horney, a psychoanalyst perhaps best known for her ideas regarding feminine psychology, faced much criticism from orthodox Freudian psychoanalysts during her time. Robert Sternberg said that creativity is always a “person-system interaction” because many highly creative individuals produce products that are good, but that are not exactly what others expect or desire. Thus, creativity is only meaningful in the context of the system that judges it. If this is true, I believe that Karen Horney made truly creative contributions to the field of psychology, and particularly to the domain of psychoanalysis. She broke rules in a domain that was itself fairly new, and in doing so presented ideas that have been in use to this day. She did so in a system that bombarded her with a fair amount of criticism because her ideas were different from those that Freud and his disciples supported. However, she made her mark as a master in her domain and has managed to have a number of her ideas incorporated into ego psychology, systems- theory, and a number of self-actualizing schools of psychotherapy.
Sigmund Freud is psychology’s most famous figure. He is also the most controversial and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud’s work and theories helped to shape out views of childhood, memory, personality, sexuality, and therapy. Time Magazine referred to him as one of the most important thinkers of the last century. While his theories have been the subject of debate and controversy, his impact on culture, psychology, and therapy is cannot be denied.