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Kenya's road to independence
Kenya's road to independence
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Jomo Kenyatta was the first president of the Republic of Kenya. Born in 1889 in Gatundu Kiambu Kenya, Kenyatta he grew to become one of the African prominent independent leaders. However, his rise into power in the wake of colonization was not a royal road. He was involved in major struggles for independence both in Kenya and other African countries. He managed to acquire education during the times when few Africans were going to school. Kenyatta completed his mission school education in 1912 and became a carpenter. After his initiation which involved physical circumcision as per the Kikuyu culture, he became a renowned person among his people. He was later baptised at the Scotland mission church. His name was changed from John Peter Kamau to Johnson Kamau. Later, he left his home to seek employment in Nairobi. His first job was at Thika where he worked at a sisal farm. At this period, World War I was taking place and British was also involved in war, hence, forced the able bodied men to work in order to avoid them being involved in the war. However, Kenyatta was lucky to escape and went to live with the Masaai in Narok where he got a job as clerk to an Asian contractor. This is the time when he got his name Kenyatta as he took part in the swearing tradition which involved traditional beaded belts which is referred to as “Kenyatta.” Kenyatta spoke strongly about the injustices that were being committed by the British colonialists both within and outside the country. This made the British to dub him a communist who was out to sabotage British administration in Kenya. Kenyatta was later arrested and released just before the country could attain independence as other leaders demanded for his release from the British authorities . T... ... middle of paper ... ...Transafrica, 1980. Katzenellenbogen, Simon. “The 1945 Pan-African Congress and its Aftermath.” World History Archives. 2 May 1995. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/058.html. Lamb, David. The Africans. Vintage, 1987. Lonsdale, John. "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya." The Journal of African History, 31, no. 3, (1990): 393–421. Lumumba, Patrick. “Where the Rain Started Beating Us.” The Standard Digital. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=1144005502&story_title=Where-the-rain-started-beating-us. Meredith, Martin. The Fate of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Miller, Norman, and Rodger Yeager. Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity. Westview Press, 1994. Polsgrove, Carol. Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause. Manchester University Press, 2009. Ramananda, Chatterjee. The Modern Review, 2006, p. 344.
Obinor, F. 2005. Reporting Conflicts in African Way. Guardian Online, 14 November. Available at (accessed 19 May 2011).
Political developments and endeavors throughout the second half of the twentieth century by the African and African-descended were mainly for the purpose of instigating change. Gomez discussed the political upheaval that occurred in Europe and Africa through the fight for independence by the mainly British and French colonies. Although some of the transitions were peaceful, many led to violence and war like with Algeria. Aimé Césaire elucidated many reasons and horrendous effects of colonialism on the Africans in his Discourse on Colonialism, but he pointed out that the overarching reason that the Africans wanted and needed change was because of the dehumanizing effect it had on both the colonizers and the colonists. The New York Times further disclosed the political developments that occurred in South Africa through Nelson Mandela on his quest to eradicate the divide between white privileged minority and the i...
The deepest crack in Kenya’s solidarity stemmed from political issues decades earlier. In the 1920’s, the British prioritized their own objectives over the fate of natives, drawing arbitrary borders that ignored the widespread presence of ethnic groups suc...
Gordon, Christine. “Rebel’s Best Friend.” BBC Focus on Africa Oct. 1999: 1-3. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 15 Feb. 2011.
Though Kenya had problems after independence, they still achieved a reasonable amount or degree of political stability under the one party rule of Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta allowed foreign investors to remit profits and to own properties even though sometimes on condition of government co-ownership. He also struck a deal with Britain to help finance a massive land purchase which included the transfer of land of 6,070 sq km of land and it fostered a privileged class of African plantation owners. He also spent a third of the national budget on education in the country. Under Kenyatta’s presidency, Kenya’s economic performance was better than most African countries as at that time. Despite the fact that there were severe drought, two oil shocks, ethnic conflict and border skirmishes, the rate of economic growth was among the highest in the continent.
Wa Muiu, Mueni. "Civilization" On Trial: The Colonial And Postcolonial State In Africa." Journal Of Third World Studies 25.1 (2008): 73-93. Sociological Collection. Web. 10 May 2014.
So the Mau Mau were utterly defeated. However, they did speed the process of independence in more than one way. For example, because of the rebellion, reform became imperative. An effect was that the British pursued Kenyan support to undermine the Mau Mau. One way they did this was by increasingly allowing Kenyan’s to participate in government. Through this participation a Kenyan elite class was emerging that was skillfully using where it was in its society towards independence.
Wiredu K. no date. Democracy and Consensus in Traditional African Politics: A Plea for a Non-Party Polity, Postcolonial African philosophy: a critical reader, P.303-312. Cambridge: Blackwell, http://www.them.poly.org/2/fwk-en.htm.
“In 1963, independence for Kenya was won. More than 1 million acres were redistributed to 45,000 Kenyans, but many large farms were left intact and taken over by powerful Kenyans” (David 226). The Kenyans may would have lost if it wasn’t because of the British that was unprepared and had a bad military at the time. Just three years after the Mau Mau had won the war, they managed to successfully escape from the clutches of their former British overlords. Like any other country would, the Kenyans attempted to rebuild their broken nation. They all felt ecstatic and patriotic with the victory that they had secured, but they had no idea of what was to come. After their failed attempt to establish a government in their land that would be kind to its citizens, the country of Kenya fell right back into an even worse situation. The country has lost large amounts of money, making mostly everyone unstable financially. Most Kenyans these days live malnourished with big chances of not being able to see another day. They live in poverty, with a lack of food, and they also have a horrible government. At certain places, some people would kill just because another person is against their current leader. “The spectre of Mau Mau has haunted Kenya since the revolt’s eruption in the early 1950s, and it has shown no sign of abating” (Alam 21). The Kenyans fought so hard for what they thought would end up being complete independence, but it only ended up being even worse for them. The Mau Mau has continued to live on until 2003 when their government banned
Nairobi, a city established between Kampala and Mombasa. Nairobi is positioned at 1° 17′ 0″ S, 36° 49′ 0″ E. It is contiguous around the East side of a place called the Rift Valley where tremors and large earthquakes are a common occurrence. It is a large territory about 696 km squared in total area, which is about 270 miles, and it holds a population of about 3,336,000 citizens.
Cuthbertson, Gand Jeeves, A." The Many-sided struggle for Southern Africa, 1899-1908" South African Historical Journal 41 (Nov, 1999), pp 2-21.
Kenya is a former British colony that is located on the Eastern part of Africa. The administrative capital of Kenya is Nairobi and is one of the most diversified cities in East Africa. Other major cities in Kenya include the port of Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret, all of which play an important role in Kenya's march toward economic growth and development through the provision of administrative functions. Kenya is one of the important and rather developed countries. If we talk about South-East African region, it is currently striving for their development in social and economic sector and other various areas as well, but it required intensive efforts in right dimension at right time. Various organizations local and global have been supporting Kenya in its development process. Here we cater the social and economic problems, issues, progress in Kenya and their remedies. There are various factors, which influence both social and economical sector such as, environmental (internal and external both), regional issues, etc. Kenya’s Economic Crisis In the early eighties, Kenya was regarded as one of the fairly stable countries in East Africa, but those times are far-gone and the current economic situation is appalling. Kenya's greatest shortcoming is due to a shortage of people with the creative capacity and power to set a long-term development process in motion. With an illiteracy rate of 21.9 percent, a substantial proportion of the Kenyan population is denied that technical know-how that is becoming more and more important in today's world of complex and dynamic technology. In order for a labor force to be more productive, more of a country's people need to be highly educated. The structure of both the formal and informal inst...
Duffield, Ian. Marcus Garvey and Kwame Nkrumah. History today 31.3 01 Mar 1981: 24. s.n.
Kwame Nkrumah was born in 21 September 1909. He was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonization in 1957, Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana. An influential 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize .in 1963. He saw himself as an African Lenin. He was dead on 27 April 1972.
Elaborating more on the Mau Mau Uprising, the story is set so that the main conflict is the British presence, so the opposing ridges, Kameno or Makuyu, have something to either embrace or oppose. This took place around the time the British colony of Kenya was striving for African decolonization, therefore explaining all the high tensions between Makuyu and Kameno, as well as the urgency to fight from the Kiama. The British presence was due to Kenya’s state of emergency, which was later lifted (not seen in the novel), and Kenya’s negotiation for independence successful in the late 1950’s.