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Sara Jeannette Duncan was among the greatest journalists of her times in Canada. She was very zealous and enthusiastic and was very objective in her approach as far as her journalistic career was concerned. Her connection with India was established when she married a British civil servant Everard Cotes who worked as a curator at a museum in Calcutta. India was thought to be an exotic land full of mysteries and fascination. It also attracted the attention of a whole range of writers from the west and Duncan was one among them. Her fiction dealt with the colonial India and the plight of the British communityliving there. Bharat BhushanMohanty in his book Edward W. Said’s Orientalism: A Critique opines that, “Representation constitutes the dominant theme of Orientalism” (35). Western …show more content…
VimalDhawan and JiteshParikh contends that Duncan’s “consciousness distancing from her characters is chiefly guided by the imperial arrogance and it is distinctly felt in the treatment of characters. Thus, British characters receive over attention than the Indian characters that are usually ignored” (xii).
The Burnt Offering written by Sara Jeannette Duncan is a novel that deals with the theme of Indian national movement and imperialism. Although Duncan was a Canadian yet she made Indian imperialism her theme for the novel because she came to Indian sub-continent after her marriage and remained in India for a long time. Her affinities were however with the empire and not with the Indian subjects. She was also overtaken by the colonial discourse that was prevalent in India.
The Simple Adventures of a Memsahib is the story of transformation of Helen Brown, an English lady who comes to India with full enthusiasm but in the end gets transformed herself. The perils of the life of British in India are dealt with in the novel. The novel from the very beginning seems to be overshadowed by the pre-conceived notions about India and the
Imperialism became a driving force among European nations in the growth of power and wealth. European countries placed large values on controlling colonies, similarly to how members of the aristocratic society today would put emphasis on owning an immaculate mansion or an expensive car. Colonies formed in Latin America, Africa, and Asia were seen as status symbols for the overarching European countries; colonies represented economic strength and political power, which was fueled by intense nationalistic spirits. Competition for colonies became the biggest aspect of imperialism, leading several European powers to bicker over controlling colonial trade. The voices of the Colonists were oppressed and ignored as their land and resources were
The establishment of global empires greatly impacted the world as imperial powers tightened links between civilizations worldwide. Imperialism not only brought people together but it put divisions between them as well through the use of powerful tools and deadly weapons.
After the civil war, United States took a turn that led them to solidify as the world power. From the late 1800s, as the US began to collect power through Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines, debate arose among historians about American imperialism and its behavior. Historians such as William A. Williams, Arthur Schlesinger, and Stephen Kinzer provides their own vision and how America ought to be through ideas centered around economics, power, and racial superiority.
"The sun never sets on the British empire." This quote sprung about from a late-nineteenth century way of thought called imperialism. During this period, Britain controlled colonies in many parts of Africa and Asia. Although many European countries sought to explore new territories, ultimately the motives that fueled imperialism were ideological, political, and economic.
The article titled, “Imperialism: The Masterful Duty of the Manly Race, written by Gail Bederman is informative and insightful because the author explores the connection between manhood and race between 1880-1917. It contends that, as white collar class men effectively attempted to fortify male power, their race turned into a factor which was essential to their sexual orientation. I believe whiteness was both a tangible certainty and a masculinity perfect for these men. My main idea on this article is that is identifies very well the relationship among manliness and race.
During the 19th and 20th century, a new way to gain land began to develop. It was known as Imperialism. Imperialism is when a country takes another country by force and makes it into colonies for its main country. Even though it proved to be effective, there were still the positive and negatives of this new type of way to gain land. The positive and negative effects of imperialism are that it changed the lives of the people in these colonies, affected their wealth, and changed the lands of those colonies.
A common phrase people say is “learn from your mistakes” but it seems throughout history we never have. We often see similar actions recur throughout history, including the rise of Imperialism, Revolutions, and advancement in technology for warfare.
Imperialism was a time period in which more developed nations colonized less developed nations. The developed nations took advantage of the less developed nations resources, people, lands, and much more. Many countries lost their freedom and independence due to imperialism, however, they also received new technologies and innovations.
Although there are many other important factors, the main cause of the rise of imperialism was most certainly economic. The Age of Empire, by Eric J. Hobsbawn, provides an interpretation of New Imperialism. Hobsbawn calls imperialism “a natural by-product of the international economy” (Sherman pg 177). He is basically saying that imperialism is dependent on the rivalries of competing industries, which continually drive the international economy. Hobsbawn also dictates the need for external markets. The Industrial Revolution created many products that needed markets, thus creating a need of colonies. Hobsbawn believed that the overproduction of the Industrial Revolution and the Great Depression could be solved. He also realized that many businessmen knew that they could make a large profit off of China’s large population. For example, if every one of the three hundred million Chinese purchased one box of tin-tacks the businessmen knew that there would be a huge profit, consequently increasing the desire for colonization of weaker countries.
Recent years have witnessed a large number of Indian English fiction writers who have stunned the literary world with their works. The topics dealt with are contemporary and populist and the English is functional, communicative and unpretentious. Novels have always served as a guide, a beacon in a conflicting, chaotic world and continue to do so. A careful study of Indian English fiction writers show that there are two kinds of writers who contribute to the genre of novels: The first group of writers include those who are global Indians, the diasporic writers, who are Indians by birth but have lived abroad, so they see Indian problems and reality objectively. The second group of writers are those born and brought up in India, exposed to the attitudes, morale and values of the society. Hence their works focus on the various social problems of India like the plight of women, unemployment, poverty, class discrimination, social dogmas, rigid religious norms, inter caste marriages, breakdown of relationships etc.
The concept of orientalism refers to the western perceptions of the eastern cultures and social practices. It is a specific expose of the eurocentric universalism which takes for granted both, the superiority of what is European or western and the inferiority of what is not. Salman Rushdie's Booker of the Bookers prize winning novel Midnights Children is full of remarks and incidents that show the orientalist perception of India and its people. It is Rushdie's interpretation of a period of about 70 years in India's modern history dealing with the events leading to the partition and beyond. Rushdie is a fantasist and a creator of alternate realities, the poet and prophet of a generation born at the degree zero of national history. The present paper is an attempt to study how Salman Rushdie, being himself a writer of diasporic consciousness, sometimes perceives India and its people as orientalist stereotypes and presents them in a derogatory manner.
She herself confirms it when she says in an thesis for Bold Type, “. . . I find myself focusing my writing on friendships with women, and trying to balance them with the conflicting passions and demands that come to us as daughters and wives, lovers and mothers.” (n.p.). In deed so she identifies herself with the occidental quite than with the oriental. Her fiction relates to the tradition of the West, since Indian writers from Anita Desai to Arundhati Roy have uncared for sisterhood in their focus on feminine issues.
Sharpe, Jenny. “A Passage to India by E.M. Forster.” Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. James P Draper, Jennifer Brostrom, and Jennifer Gariepy. Vol. 77. Detroit: Gale, 1993. 253-57. Rpt. of “The Unspeakable Limits of Rape: Colonial Violence and Counter-Insurgency.” Genders 10 (1991): 25-46. Literature Criticism Online. Web. 4 Mar. 2011. .
Because there are many points of view and not all of them are explained, therefore, modernist novels often tend to have narrative perspectives that suddenly shift or cause confusion. This is because modernism has always been an experimental form of literature that lacks a traditional narrative or a set, rigid structure. Therefore, E. M. Forster, author of A Passage to India, uses such techniques to portray the true nature of reality. The conflict between Adela, a young British girl, and Aziz, an Indian doctor, at the Marabar Caves is one that implements multiple modernist ideals and is placed in British-India. In this novel, Forster shows the relations and tension between the British and the Indians through a series of events that were all caused by the confusing effects of modernism.
When in 1978 Edward W. Said published his book Orientalism, it presented a turning point in post-colonial criticism. He introduced the term Orientalism, and talked about 2 of its aspects: the way the West sees the Orient and the way the West controls the Orient. Said gave three definitions of Orientalism, and it is through these definitions that I will try to demonstrate how A Passage to India by E. M. Forster is an Orientalist text. First, Said defined Orientalism as an academic discipline, which flourished in 18th and 19th century.