给翻译者的注释：将2900字英文归纳总结为1100字英文，注意不要照抄原文，因为我要用在自己的学术论文中，照抄的后果很严重，我之后也会检查。 123部分占较少篇幅（各150左右）；第4节占较多（注意4部分黑，红色字体分别是两个不同的人写的论文）。 最后注意一下(2010, p.90).这样的引用，请不要丢掉，根据什么总结的，就在后面加上，reference很重要。 Spatial morphology and socio-economic characters 1. 总述 空间 影响人的的行为 In “The Image of the City”, Lynch (1960) had proposed that users understood their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps with five elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks. In particular, streets are an important part of the receptacle for everyday life. Many social activities happen along street, such as ‘trading, shopping, learning, playing, and interaction with neighbours and strangers’, as Jane Jacobs’ description of “the ballet of Hudson Street” that …show more content…
This relation is represented with land-use patterns. Goodall (1972, p.81) proposes that the land-use pattern is built up over time to correspond to ever-changing demands, by noting “the land-use pattern in an urban area at any particular time represents the cumulative effect of a myriad of decisions and actions by various individuals and organizations”. He also indicates the factors which determine the location of various land-uses. One of them is accessibility, which influence the extent to which contacts may be made by moving of people and goods. Thus, activities differing in their needs of access quality form different land-use patterns, such process is proposed by Goodall as “the demand for sites in an urban area reflects the degree to which any business or household is dependent on and can benefit from accessibility” (1972, p.89). The second factor is complementarity, referring to put closely related activities together to develop particular use in an area. In a commercial street, complementary shops may attract more customers for their advantage of complete and comparable style of shopping, this may also bring business to smaller shops nearby. This is consistent with Jacobs’ proposition in The Economy of Cities, where she argues that the market which is concentrated “makes it possible for small, fragmentary, exceedingly special, weak or much-duplicated enterprises to operate with considerable inefficiency” (Jacobs, 1970,
At the time Jane Jacobs was writing The Death and Life of Great American Cities, city planning was not a process done by or for the people who lived in them. Residents were rarely consulted or involved in decision making, rather it be left to few elites who dictated their vision of the city for everybody else to conform to.
The sidewalk is a social structure for the people who work and live in it. They are mentors for each other. They play the same role of self-direction and psychological fulfillment of a formal job or family for example; where the society is shrunken on that one sidewalk. They form an informal social organization and social control so they can survive against the outer social system; meanwhile, this social organization organizes property rights and division of labor. Although their life seems deviant, they still practice conventional social practices and norms. Although it might seem that these men are engaged in random behavior, yet there is an organized interaction of norms and goals, and a shared collective self-consciousness from having a shared common history.
“… organized by merchandise departments with administrative subdivisions corresponding to physical segregations of merchandise” as opposed to specializing in single commodities like the shops lining the streets ...
In the stories expressed by Harriet Jacobs, through the mindset of Linda Brent, some harsh realities were revealed about slavery. I’ve always known slavery existed and that it was a very immoral act. But never before have I been introduced to actual events that occurred. Thought the book Linda expresses how she wasn’t the worst off. Not to say her life wasn’t difficult, but she acknowledged that she knows she was not treated as bad as others.
Throughout The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, she writes about the city’s change through a ballet dance and movement surrounding her. “In real life, to be sure, something is always going on, the ballet is never at a halt, but the general effect is peaceful and the general tenor even leisurely” (Jacobs 833). This idea of change she discusses and goes in great depth with, portrays just how constant not just a particular city but the world is. She describes every day to be a ballet of some sort; witnessing everyone’s day as they walk down the sidewalk. Even when a corner is turned, seeing so many different face as they all move at different paces and occupy their time in different manners, it all adds to this dance. Everything changing around her and maybe even things not really making sense but despite all of that, still being able to come together and create something no matter what’s being made of it, relates to Growing up Unrented on the Lower East Side by Edmund Berrigan.
Thus, the reality of places is constructed through social actions including both individual and collective efforts, through informal associations and institutions of government and the economy, rather than through the inherent qualities (Logan and Lolotch, 1987, p.45). Hence, the conclusion is well constructed. The authors effectively use 'compare and contrast' structure and 'cause and effect' structure in the chapter to build and enhance their argument. They also back up their arguments citing various researchers throughout the chapter, in almost all the sections, making their argument more persuasive. Logan and Molotch enhances the
The story of Harriet Jacobs paints a broad picture of life as a woman, victim of abuse, and Black American in the south during the early to mid Nineteenth century. However, in the story, each of these identities are put through the lens of her being a slave, an experience and identity that colors and dominates each other one. Harriet Jacobs may not have significantly impacted the world, the nation, or even her state during her time as a slave, but by looking at her experiences through her eyes, the reader gains an empathetic understanding of many things they may not have, and may never truly experience.
In Jane Jacobs’s acclaimed The Life and Death of Great American Cities, she intricately articulates urban blight and the ills of metropolitan society by addressing several binaries throughout the course of the text. One of the more culturally significant binaries that Jacobs relies on in her narrative is the effectively paradoxical relationship between diversity and homogeneity in urban environments at the time. In particular, beginning in Chapter 12 throughout Chapter 13, Jacobs is concerned greatly with debunking widely held misconceptions about urban diversity.
In Mary Robinson’s poem, London’s Summer Morning the speaker describes the fast-moving hustle and bustle of a busy London street. The poem serves as a kaleidoscope of the speaker’s surrounding describing not only what she sees, but how all of her senses engage with her environment. There is a clear focus on the surrounding commerce and occupations. The author makes distinct choices in tone, diction, word choice and sensory imagery to convey the utter chaos that she is immersed in. Despite Robinson’s choice to start and end the poem with negative connotations, she displays an argument that explains the beautiful commerce that takes place in the chaotic nature of the mornings in London.
Wirth, L. (1938). Urban as a Way of Life. In R.T. Legates, & F. Stout (Eds.). The City Reader (pp. 90-97). New York, NY: Routledge
When you associate anything with New York City it is usually the extraordinary buildings that pierce the sky or the congested sidewalks with people desperate to shop in the famous stores in which celebrities dwell. Even with my short visit there I found myself lost within the Big Apple. The voices of the never-ending attractions call out and envelop you in their awe. The streets are filled with an atmosphere that is like a young child on a shopping spree in a candy store. Although your feet swelter from the continuous walking, you find yourself pressing on with the yearning to discover the 'New York Experience'.
My childhood was a playground for imagination. Joyous nights were spent surrounded by family at my home in Brooklyn, NY. The constantly shaded red bricks of my family’s unattached town house located on West Street in Gravesend, a mere hop away from the beach and a short walk to the commotion of Brooklyn’s various commercial areas. In the winter, all the houses looked alike, rigid and militant, like red-faced old generals with icicles hanging from their moustaches. One townhouse after the other lined the streets in strict parallel formation, block after block, interrupted only by my home, whose fortunate zoning provided for a uniquely situa...
The research, helped to dig up on facts of street life and how these children roam around the city being strangers to their own surroundings. Hence, these realizations throughout my experience led the research to explore about what exactly constitutes a feeling of belonging for a street
Chaffey, J. (1994). The challenge of urbanisation. In M. Naish & S. Warn (Eds.), Core geography (pp. 138-146). London: Longman.