James Cook the Pioneer
Out in the middle of an unknown body of water, traveling distances only judged with elementary equipment, seeing life forms before anyone else on the earth. Covered in a constant layer of salt, your last meal consisted of stale water, sauerkraut and some salted packed meat. The trip lasts for years and it won't be your last. These trips were performed by many sailors but none as important to Oceanography as James Cook.
The reason for his travels was to establish British holdings in the southern seas. But while sailing he came across some of the most important findings of the eighteenth century. He set out first on the English ship the Endeavour in 1768, and traveled to Tahiti and observed the path of Venus across the sun. He did this to verify the calculations made earlier by Edmund Halley about planetary orbits. Next he sailed south and discovered and charted New Zealand. He then sailed North to Sydney, and the Endeavour suffered damage from crashing into the barrier reef. He then mapped the Great Barrier Reef during a two-month stay, while repairing the ships hull. He named this land New South Whales and claimed it in the name of England. When departing from Australia he sailed westward and proved that there was a new sea route in between New Guinea and Australia. Due to Cook being insistent on cleanliness and ventilation, as well a diet consisting of Vitamin C, the majority of his crew survived.
When Cook returned from his first voyage he still had one question left, and that was whether or not there was another continent in the south seas or if it was just a huge mass of water. He manned a new ship, the Resolution in 1772, for this next voyage as well as a secondary ship the Adventure. His goals of this trip were to discover the supposed seventh continent as well as a southern passage. He charted two islands, Tonga and Easter Island. He continued south trying to find the seventh continent, but ran into ice, and proposed that the ice could be connected to a landmass that no one has discovered yet. Even though he never reached this continent he did successfully circumnavigate the world and he was actually the first to circumnavigate the world at such high latitudes.
Many historians have put forward the view that the Americas was discovered by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus. It is commonly thought and accepted that with the approval of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Columbus went in search for India which was located in the East. However Columbus unknowingly sailed to the west across the Atlantic Ocean which led him to a land mass which was unknown to
Supporters of the Age of Exploration believe James Cook was an example of a great explorer and a navigator. In his text/lecture “Cook’s Third Voyage”, Encyclopedia argues that in Hawaii he fought with the Hawaiians during his third voyage in 1779 and died leaving a legacy. Cook mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii, the great Barrier Reef of Australia, and the Pacific Ocean. He had a superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage and an ability to lead men in many different conditions. Based upon this research, it is clear that James Cook is significant because he’s a great seaman. This evidence supports
Henry Hudson (English seamen) started sailing with his ship named “the half moon” in 1609 for the VOC. Officially he was searching for a new trading route to Asia. He was searching for the Northwest Passage through North America on the west of the Half Moon. A lot of explorers did the same thing before him. But he didn’t found the Northwest Passage. But he did find something else, the New Netherlands. It had beautiful woods, animals and ...
On October 15, 1803, Lewis swung by and picked Clark up near Louisville. Afterwards,they along with many hired hands, began their “Corps of Discovery” journey. The Corps of Discovery mission was to find an all water route to the Pacific so they could meet, observe Indian groups, and map out the new territory. After getting acquainted with their surroundings, they built Camp Wood. Camp Wood was a winter camp for the Corps of Discovery, on the Wood river in Illinois. The conditions of this mission were not in their favor. Crossing the Pacific ocean had never bee...
He is on the lookout for likely places to find riches and colonies. Without Christopher Columbus Europe would off never found America. The story of Christopher Columbus is the story of discovery, the story of discovering new animals and plants and the natural treasures that Columbus and his followers have found in America. The journey of Christopher Columbus began 500 years ago in 1491. Before Christopher Columbus and the rest of Europeans set foot in America, the land that they discovered was a land of almost unbelievable wealth as they discovered two vast continents teeming with life, they have discovered more than 500.000 miles of coastline that was surrounded clear waters that were rich in fish and life. Christopher Columbus pioneered the discovery of hundreds of thousands of new species and great forests that stretched in every direction. This new world that they have discovered...
He was never a president of the United States, nor did he lead any army in a battle. He had no talent in public speaking, preferring to write out his thoughts on paper and for them to be read aloud by others. Yet in his day he was certainly one of the most well known celebrities, beloved in both the United States and through most of Europe. He is Benjamin Franklin, and he has become a symbol of American civilization.
In June of 1611 is when he had his last voyage and his crew members and him were never heard from again. He came from a wealthy family, he had a grandfather also named Henry Hudson who was a founding member of the Merchant Adventures, which later became the Muscovy trading company. He was born sometime in the late 1500s the exact date and year are not known. He got married to a woman named Katherine and together they had three sons. John, Richard, and Oliver, John one of his sons was set out to go one time fourth voyage with his father.In one of his journals he described a fish like thing swimming alongside their ship. Henry Hudson’s first voyage was to find the Northwest Passage and with how smart he was people believed he could. The ship he sailed on was a small three masted ship called Hopewell. He started this voyage in May of 1607 and came back September of that year because the Great Barrier Reef was blocking his way. On this voyage he did end up finding Whale’s Bay, which started the coal mining industry. He was paid by the English Muscovy Company to find the Northwest passage, but wind and ice ended up making him turn around instead. Henry Hudson made it all the way to the Svalbard archipelago north of Norway before he was
His mission was to explore the east coast of New Holland, the name given by the Dutch to what is now Australia, and Dampier's intention was to travel there via Cape Horn.The expedition set out on 14 January 1699, too late in the season to attempt the Horn, so it headed to New Holland via the Cape of Good Hope instead. Following the Dutch route to the Indies, Dampier passed between Dirk Hartog Island and the Western Australian mainland into what he called Shark Bay on 6 August 1699. He landed and began producing the first known detailed record of Australian flora and fauna.
Drake’s real opportunity came in 1577 when Queen Elizabeth gave him a grant to make the first circumnavigation of the world by an Englishman. On December 13th Drake sailed from Plymouth in the Golden Hind with four other small ships and about 160 men. They were set out to raid the Spanish property on the Pacific coast of the New World. He abandoned two ships in the Rio de Plata in South America, and, with the remaining three, navigated the Straights of Magellan.
Henry Hudson was an English Explorer born in 1565, he is known as one of the most famous explorers. Henry Hudson’s main goal was to find a passage way to Asia but he never achieved this. With the goal of finding the route he only had four voyages throughout his career. On his first voyage, in 1609, he brought his sons along with him to find an ice free passage to Asia. They traveled east until they reached the north of the Arctic Circle, but they were forced to return back due to all the surrounding ice. In the same year, Hudson made a second attempt, but traveled a different way. Hudson soon failed again because all the field of ice, blocking them. In 1609, Hudson’s third voyage was
He didn't have a very exciting life when he was younger but he did grow up sailing on short trips on the English coast. Since a young age he knew he wanted to be on the water. When he was older he sailed on countless voyages.
Christopher Columbus is a name that has been spoken in every history class across the nation. He is known as one of the most important sailors in history. Columbus primarily sailed by using a type of navigation known as “Dead Reckoning”. Dead Reckoning is a type of navigation in which a sailor marks his or her position by recording the distance sailed and by starting at a known point (Pickering, Keith A. “Columbus and Dead Reckoning (DR) Navigation” The Columbus Navigation Homepage). Though he used dead reckoning most of the time, he did occasionally use celestial navigation. Celestial Navigation is when a sailor uses celestial bodies such as the stars and the planets to navigate and measure his latitude, because Columbus had visited several other lands where new navigation techniques were being discovered he was a little more familiar with them than other sailors in his era were. (Pickering, Keith A. “Columbus and Celestial Navigation” The Columbus Navigation Homepage) Columbus used a variety of different tools to try and navigate with celestial navigation. Two of the tools he used were the quadrant and the astrolabe. After several attempts with both of the devices, however, he was still unsuccessful with all of his attempts. (Pickering, Keith A. “Columbus and Celestial Navigation” The Columbus Navigation Homepage)
“On a June evening of 1770, Captain James Cook heard the screech of wood against stone” (ngm.nationalgeographic.com). He later realized that he had just discovered the Great Barrier Reef. Cook and his team had been exploring the waters offshore of what is now Queensland, Australia when the H.M.S. Endeavour became trapped in the labyrinth of coral. Not too far below the surface, rough, spiky towers of coral tore into the ship’s frame and held the vessel fast(ngm.nationalgeographic.com). As timbers splintered and the sea poured in, the crew arrived on deck “with countenances which sufficiently expressed the horrors of our situation,” Cook later wrote in his diary. The captain and crew barely made it to a river mouth where they rehabilitated the vessel. A few decades after Cook’s encounter with the reef, English cartographer Matthew Flinders-who also had a mishap or two while “threading the needle” among the reefs-gave the massive body its name, inspired by its size.
invincible. For though there are many of them likely, yet they were not certain. It might be sundry of the things feared might never befall; others by provident care
Thomas (Alva) Edison was one of America’s most important and famous inventors. Edison was born into a time and place where there wasn’t much technological advancements. His inventions helped a lot of things quickly change in the world. His inventions contributed to many inventions today such as the night light, movies, telephones, and records and CDs.