Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
History of computer animation
Example of a procedural programming language
History of computer animation
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: History of computer animation
Ivan Edward Sutherland was born May 16, 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska, United States. His ancestry is from Scotland and New Zealand, despite his claim that he was named for his mother’s fictitious Russian lover. His father was a practicing engineer with a Ph.D. in civil engineering. His mother was a teacher who engendered in him and his brother Bert a love of learning. In 8th grade he built a gantry crane with surplus motors brought home by his father. His favourite subject in high school was geometry. Sutherland describes himself as a visual thinker (“If I can picture possible solutions, I have a much better chance of finding the right one”), which led to his interest in computer graphics. His first computer processing experience was with a computer …show more content…
called SIMON, a relay-based computer with six words of two-bit memory, which was lent to the Sutherland household in 1950 by its designer, Edmund Berkeley, one of the founders of the ACM. Its 12 bits of memory permitted SIMON to add up to 15. Sutherland's first significant program allowed SIMON to divide. To make division possible, he used a table look-up and added a conditional stop to SIMON's instruction set. His brother Bert participated by making the modifications to the hardware. This program was a significant accomplishment—it was the longest program ever written for SIMON, requiring eight feet of paper tape. Sutherland was one of only a few young students writing computer programs during that era. For a 12th grade science fair project, he made a magnetic drum memory with 128 2-bit words. At age 19, he published “An Electro-Mechanical Model of Simple Animals” [6] in Computers and Automation. At age 21 he published “Stability in Steering Control” [7] in Electrical Engineering. After graduating from Scarsdale High School (20 miles north of New York City) in 1955, Sutherland attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) on a full scholarship, which made it affordable for him. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree from Carnegie in 1959, a Master of Science Degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1960 (which, he claims, he selected to get as far as possible from his new mother-in-law), and a Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1963. His doctoral thesis supervisor was Claude E. Shannon, who is often referred to as the “father of information theory. Sutherland also received an Honorary Master of Arts Degree from Harvard University in 1966. His doctoral thesis, Sketchpad: A Man-machine Graphical Communications System, described the first computer graphical user interface (GUI). Sketchpad was developed on a unique computer, the TX-2, built by Wesley Clark. In early 1960s computers ran "batches" of jobs, but were not interactive. The TX-2 was an "on-line" computer used to investigate surface barrier transistors for digital circuits. It had a variety of input and output devices, including a nine inch CRT with a 512 x 512 array of directly-addressed pixels and no hardware character generator. For software it had virtually nothing—no operating system, just a macro assembler. But it had a light pen, first used on the SAGE air defense project for identifying computer-drawn objects. Sutherland used it to do something new: allow the user to draw directly on the computer display. The light pen provided coordinates for drawing commands entered using the keyboard. Previously drawn primitive objects could be recalled, rotated, scaled and moved. Finished drawings could be stored on magnetic tape and edited at a later time. Sketchpad introduced important innovations including hierarchical memory structures to organize objects and the ability to zoom in and out. Sketchpad was a ground breaking interactive computer-aided design system.
Its innovations included hierarchical drawings, constraint-satisfaction methods, and an interactive GUI. When asked, “How could you possibly have done the first interactive graphics program, the first non-procedural programming language, the first object oriented software system, all in one year?” Sutherland replied, “Well, I didn't know it was hard1.” Sketchpad's graceful interaction and functionality continue to inspire admiration among computer graphics professionals. After graduating from MIT in 1963, Sutherland accepted a U.S. Army commission to fulfill his obligation for military service. He was assigned first to the University of Michigan, and then to the National Security Agency as an electrical engineer, mainly because he knew about computers. In 1964, at age 26, First Lieutenant Sutherland replaced J. C. R. Licklider (who returned to private industry) as the head of the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's (DARPA) Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). DARPA was started in response to Sputnik to develop technology for putting a U. S satellite in space. As head of this office Sutherland was given $15 million a year to sponsor computer research, particularly in the areas of timesharing and artificial
intelligence. From 1965 to 1968, Sutherland was an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Harvard University. Work with student Danny Cohen in 1967 led to the development of the Cohen–Sutherland computer graphics line clipping algorithm for removing parts of lines that extend beyond the viewing region. In 1968, with the help of student Bob Sproull, he created the first virtual reality and augmented reality head-mounted display system, referred to affectionately as the Sword of Damocles because it was suspended from the ceiling above the user’s head. From 1968 to 1974 Sutherland was a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Utah. Among his noted students there were Jim Clark (who designed a virtual reality system and went on to found Silicon Graphics, Netscape, and WebMD), and Henri Gouraud (who devised the Gouraud smooth-shading technique to make a surface approximated by polygons look smooth). He served as a PhD committee member for other famous Utah graduates Alan Kay (inventor of the Smalltalk language and 2003 Turing Award recipient) and Edwin Catmull (co-founder of Pixar and later President of Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios). In 1968 Sutherland co-founded Evans & Sutherland with his friend and colleague David C. Evans, whom he had met at the University of California Berkeley. Evans’ understanding of real-time computing held the key to implementing practical computer graphics. The company, of which Sutherland was Vice President and Chief Scientist, was located in Salt Lake City, Utah. Evans & Sutherland pioneered work in the field of real-time hardware, accelerated 3D computer graphics, and printer languages. Former employees of Evans & Sutherland included the future founders of Adobe (John Warnock) and Myricom (Chuck Seitz). Starting in the mid-1970s, Sutherland was affiliated with the RAND Corporation, and investigated making animated movies—an undertaking well ahead of its time. From 1974 to 1978 he was the Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science at California Institute of Technology, where he was the founding head of that school's Computer Science Department. One area of emphasis was teaching engineers how to design integrated circuits. In 1980 he founded a consulting firm, Sutherland, Sproull and Associates, and served as its Vice President and Technical Director. It was purchased by Sun Microsystems in 1990 to form the seed of its research division, Sun Labs. Sutherland became a Fellow and Vice President at Sun Microsystems. Sutherland was a visiting scholar in the Computer Science Division at University of California, Berkeley from 2005 to 2008. Other prominent work includes the characterization and categorization of hidden surface algorithms at the University of Utah (1974), and the Trojan Cockroach, a six-legged walking machine built at Carnegie Mellon University (1983). During his career Sutherland has obtained more than 60 patents. In 2006 Ivan Sutherland married Marly Roncken, with whom he established the Asynchronous Research Center at Portland State University to develop self-timed asynchronous computers without the central clocks that must otherwise accommodate the slowest components. Sutherland has two children, Juliet and Dean, and four grandchildren, Belle, Robert, William and Rose. Ivan's elder brother, Bert Sutherland, is also a prominent computer scientist.
Nowadays, people can use computers or pencils to compile their works. “Which way is more competitive?” has become a controversial issue. “An Ode to the User-Friendly Pencil” by Bonnie Laing, explores “the pencil wins over the computer hands down” by using irony.
The nature versus nurture debate is one that has continued for years arguing over whether children are effected more by their innate personality or their personal experiences. Ivan and Charles are examples that both are factors in a person’s disposition. In what ways were Ivan IV and Charles VI’s upbringing similar and did this have a comparable effect on their leadership and later mental diagnosis? Ivan IV and Charles VI had a similar upbringing in relation to their lineage and throne inheritance which led to their analogous leadership styles and mental illnesses.
Why does the story begin with the death? Most books use mystery in the beginning and announce the death at the end. But Tolstoy used a different chronology, he started with the death of Ivan and then uses a flashback to show the reader what really happened. Also he chooses to start with the death to make the story seem real and not fictional. At Ivan’s funeral, nobody seemed devastated by the loss of Ivan, which gave the reader an understanding of how little Ivan’s life meant to the people even the ones close to him. Later in the reading, but before his death Ivan questions how he lived his mortality life and what if he lived his life properly. Before his death he had come to the realization that his death would benefit all the others around him. "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" begins with the death of Ivan in order to get it out of the way. In essence the
Ivan the Terrible was the fist tsar of Russia whoes reign, one of the longest of the Russian tzars, transformed the medivial nation state into a Russian Empire .In order to understand what made Ivan the Terrible ruthless and feared, it is important to know his background. Ivan IV Vasilyevich was born on August 25, 1530 in Kolomenskoye, Moscow, Russia. His father died at age 3 from a blood infection, but on his death bead requested that Ivan become the ruler of Russia when he turned 15. After his father died, the boyars took over and paid no attention to Ivan, denying is right to the thrown. Boyars were the highest ranked members in the upper class of medieval Russia, second only to the prince. His mother queen Elena died mysteriously died1538, they believed from an assassination by poison and this left Ivan an orphan at age eight. Ivan remained isolated through out all of this, and his behavior later in life was thought to be a result from being forgotten as a child and also from the abuse that he suffered.
Igor was born and raised in Oranienbaum. Stravinsky was born on June 17th in 1882. All his life he was surrounded by music. His parents were into music as well, his
With the launch of Sputnik in 1957 the U.S. became aware of the growing threat to National Security and Intelligence. In February 1958, by order of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), a division of the Department of Defense (DoD) was established. Then on February 7, 1958 DoD Directive 5105.15 was signed (Darpa web site, 2014). Its primary purpose was to maintain U.S technological superiority over potential adversaries and to develop new technology for the United States military (Mallia, 2013). With ARPAs increased responsibilities and fast pace environment the agency need a better way to stay connected and share “packets” of information. The agency started to experiment with inter-office connections. In late 1969 those efforts paid off and the first “Advanced Research Projects ...
The novel: A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (written by Alexander Solzhenitzyn), tells the story of a Russian soldier’s life in a Siberian labor camp around the time of World War II. The protagonist in the story, Ivan, better known as “Shukhov”, is wrongly accused of committing treason and is sentenced to full 10 years of imprisonment in the camp. Throughout the story, the author makes vivid references to help the reader identify with the setting, climate, and overall feeling of what Ivan must deal with on a day-to-day basis. This helps the reader to better understand the points and the reality of what it was like living in one of these camps.
Chekhov was born in Taganrog, Russia in 1860 to a woman named Yevgeniya and a man named Pavel. His father, who shares the name of the bishop, is described as being “severe” and sometimes went as far as to chastise Chekhov and his siblings (Letters
Milos Forman was born February 18, 1932 in Caslav, Czechoslovakia . He was born by the name Jan Tomáš Forman and later adopted the name Milos Forman (Biography).His family was part of a resistance group during the Holocaust. When Milos was only eight years old his father was arrested for being part of the resistance group, then shortly after his father his mother was as well. After the tragic incident with his parents he moved in with other relatives, (Milos Forman).
Every single program will be able to create a virtual diagram and outline of the concept being implemented on the printer. Then the program divides the concept into digital ...
The role of the military was massive. Scientists were swayed towards the technology needs of the Cold War in the content and direction of most research in the Cold War era. Science was at an all time high during the Cold War. The Department of Defense had come to support education, especially physical science and engineering. This overall meant America was spending a lot of money. America was spending this money to develop new technology for what seemed to concern national security. After Sputnik, the expenses reached all time high in the 1960s at 5.5 billion a year, with the Department of Defense accounting for 80 percent of the budget. Of the R&D budget, the Department of Defense was spending about three-quarters of industrial money on electronics and aerospace technology. Military-driven technologies proved useful for post-Cold War times and later generations. These technologies include microwave electronics, radar systems, and X-ray tubes. All these technologies set a path for scientists and engineers, consuming what they designed and
Isaac Asimov is one of the most well known of science fiction writers as well as one of the worlds most prolific writers of any genre. Isaac was born to Anna and Judah Asimov on January 2nd, 1920 (White 3), in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was a a short-lived republic that formed after World War 1. He later emigrated to Brooklyn, New York, with his family when he was only three years old (White 7). While living in Brooklyn, Isaac taught himself to read English before he was five years old, but retained his ability to speak Yiddish. Isaac Asimov's work has shaped science fiction writing into what it is today.
Modern society heavily depends on the abilities of computers, Information Technology, and information processing. As such, since access to information occurs mainly through digital means and media, the way information is arranged and presented on the screen is crucial. Because of this need for fast access and easy arrangement arose, in the early 1980s, companies started to work on various graphical user interfaces (or GUI for short). Most dictionaries define a GUI as ‘a way of arranging information on a computer screen that is easy to understand and use because it uses icons, menus and a mouse rather than only text.’ Introducing such software allowed a human-computer interaction on a visual plane, and took computing to an entirely new level of experience. The first GUI started to emerge, as stated above, in the early 1980s, and within the last 3 decades have completely dominated the way in which human-computer communication occurs. Although some sources argue about it, it is acknowledged that the first company to use a proper graphical user interface was Apple. In 1984 they released the Macintosh computer, which used a graphical system to present information on the screen using boxes and taskbars, and utilized a revolutionary pointer device, now widely known as the mouse. Following this event, other companies started releasing their versions of GUI based operating systems, until in 1995 Microsoft presented Windows 95, which soon became a dominant power on the market, and along with its later installments, led Microsoft to be the IT giant of the 20th century. Since its appearance, the GUI have greatly influenced the IT-centered society, and the role computing and digital devices play in its growth.
The Whirlwind computer had a video display that was controlled interactively by a light gun. The display attracted users much more than computer code. The Whirlwind computer became the basis for SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), a defense command-and-control system developed for the Air force. In the 1960s Ivan Sutherland’s MIT doctoral thesis introduced a Sketchpad interactive drawing system, which established the theoretical groundwork for computer graphics software (Machover 14). In the mid-1960s, computer graphics was booming in private industry. General Motors had released DAC-1 a computer-aided design system, and Itek developed the Digigraphics electronic drafting machine. By the late 1960s the first storage-tube display terminals appeared, shortly followed by direct-view storage tube display terminals (DVST) which cost thousands of dollars; however this was an improvement to the tens to hundreds of thousands spent initially for display systems. In the 1970s Turnkey systems emerged, beforehand users had to develop software to make their hardware work however turnkey systems provided a haven to users from software issues. Bit-mapped raster displays developed as memory...
As I have been using some of the graphics software program such as Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop CS6 their lots of innovation and creation to play around and I have used...