Discussion Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the United States and it is estimated that 795,000 people in the United States every year suffer from a stroke (Zomorodi, 2011). Strokes occur when there is inadequate blood flow to a part of the brain and this alters functions such as movement, sensation, or emotions that were controlled by that specific part of the brain. According to this patient’s health history some nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for a stroke include “the previous transient ischemic stroke (TIA), high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, poor diet, obesity, and physical inactivity” (American Stroke Association, 2012, para. 1).
Ischemic stroke is further broken up into a
Mr. Fix-it is a 59 year old man with a history of alcohol abuse and diabetic hypertension. Mr. Fix-it has been currently experiencing symptoms such as: rambling speech, poor short-term memory, weakness on the left side of his body, neglects both visual and auditory stimuli to his left side, difficulty with rapid visual scanning, difficulty with complex visual, perceptual and constructional tasks, unable to recall nonverbal materials, and mild articulatory problems. The diagnosis for Mr. Fix-it’s problem is most likely a right-hemisphere stroke. A right-hemisphere stroke is occurs when a blood clot blocks a vessel in the brain, or when there is a torn vessel bleeding into the brain. “A right-hemisphere stroke is common in adults who have diabetes and who are over the age of 55”, similar to Mr. Fix-it (Kluwer, 2012). In addition, Mr. Fix-it has a history of alcohol abuse in which it could have also increased his chances of experiencing a right-hemisphere stroke.
A Transient Ischemic Attack, generally referred to as a TIA, is a type of stroke that only last a few min...
1. What is the difference between a. and a. Introduction The main aim of this report is to present and analyse the disease called Cerebrovascular Accident, popularly known as stroke. This disease affects the cerebrovascular system, which is a part of the cardiovascular system.
Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked or condensed. Blood works to transport oxygen and other beneficial substances to the body’s cells and organs, as well as the brain. There are two main types of strokes that are known as Ischemic strokes and Hemorrhagic strokes. When the blood vessels that provides for the brain becomes congested, is it referred to as ischemic stroke, the most common stroke within adults. Blood clots, a cluster of blood that sticks together, are the cause of Ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes also takes place when arteries become backed up with plague, leaving less blood to flow. Plague is cholesterol, calcium and fibrous and connective tissue that sticks to the walls of blood vessels. Ischemic strokes eternally damage the brain and cause a person's body to no longer function habitually.Some risk factors that may increase stroke are high cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. Some stroke factors are also due to old age or having a family that has a history of strokes. Men are more likely to have a stroke but the most st...
The term, ischemia, denotes inadequate blood supply to tissues due to blockage of the arterial inflow, while, reperfusion injury is defined as the injury caused by the restitution of blood flow after an ischemic peroid, leading to death of cells that were only reversibly injured at the time of blood flow restitution. [63]. The final infarct size after an MI event is therefore the result of the ischemic and reperfusion damage. For this reason, the term that best describes this process of myocyte death in reperfused MI is myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury [64]. In the early hours post myocardial ischemia, injured cardiac cells can release several molecules, including adenosine, opioids, and bradykinin, which activate the G protein signaling pathways therefore promoting myocardial survival. While in the late phase, myocardial ischemia induces upregulation of growth factors and cytokines, including VEGF, ILGF and SDF-1, in the injured myocardium, hence promoting a cardio-protective state. The liver also participates in cardioprotection through the up regulation and release of secretory proteins, including FGF21 and TFF3, which also promote cardiomyocyte survival. [65]. Foundational studies performed about three decades ago with animal models demonstrated that an early reperfusion was able to limit infarct size [66]. Then fibrinolysis was indisputably associated with a decrease in mortality in patients with STEMI [67].A decade later; primary angioplasty was shown to be more superior than fibrinolysis [68]. Currently primary coronary angioplasty (PCI) has been established as the backbone treatment for STEMI patients. The period from the onset of symptoms of MI (representative of the time of coronary occlusion) and reperfusio...
Cerebrovascular disease or the term stroke is used to describe the effects of an interruption of the blood supply to a localised area of the brain. It is characterized by rapid focal or global impairment of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death (Hatano, 1976). As such it is a clinically defined syndrome and should not be regarded as a single disease. Stroke affects 174-216 people per 10,000 population in the UK per year and accounts for 11% of all deaths in England and Wales (Mant et al, 2004). The risk of recurrent stroke within 5 years is between 30-43%. One problem is that the incidence of stroke rises steeply with age and the number of elderly people in the UK is on the increase. To date people who experience a stroke occupy around 20 per cent of all acute hospital beds and 25 per cent of long term beds (Stroke Association, 2004). The British Government now identifies stroke as a major economic burden on the National Health Service (DoH, 2002).
... J. (2009). Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 updated: a report from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Heart Association. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667
Also, there are two noteworthy types of strokes, called an Ischemic and Hemorrhagic stroke. An Ischemic stroke is brought on by blood coagulation or a narrowing of a blood vessel leading to the brain and is the most widely recognized kind of stroke experienced among older adults (AgePage Stroke, 2013). On the other hand, a Hemorrhagic stroke happens when “a weak spot in a blood vessel of the brain bursts, causing bleeding into the brain tissue” (Saxon, Etten, and Perkins, 2015 p. 148). Thus, the treatable risk factors for Stroke are: high blood pressure the most potent risk factor, smoking, as it may bring about the build-up of fatty substances in the carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain, heart disease, high blood cholesterol, warning signs, for example, sudden numbness on one side of the body, history of stroke and Diabetes (Saxon, Etten, and Perkins, 2015). Similarly, the risk factors, which can’t be changed, are: age particularly more than 55 years of age, gender granting that, men have a higher risk, whereas, more women die of this disease. Additionally, race is in like manner another component, as African Americans all the more normally have strokes and often die from this disease at
The aim of this essay is to discuss Mary, a 75 year old retired teacher with a history of obesity and hypertension, who one month previously, suffered an Ischaemic stroke. In line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2011) confidentiality guidelines, the identity of the service user has been kept anonymous by using the pseudonym ‘Mary’. In relation to Mary, the author will discuss the risk and resilience factors associated with stroke, the vulnerability impact of the disease, and the appropriate level of care which makes a difference to recovery.
According to the American Heart Association / American Stroke Association’s About Stroke (2014) “stroke is the number four cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in the United States” (para.1). On average, a stroke happens every 40 seconds in the United States (Impact of Stroke, para. 1) About 4% to 17% of all patients with stroke experience symptom onset while hospitalized (Cumbler, et al., 2014). This amounts to about 35,000-75,000 in-hospital strokes in the United States annually.
“Time is brain” is the repeated catch phrase when addressing the treatment and management of stroke (Saver, 2006). Access to prompt and appropriate medical care during the first few hours of stroke onset is critical to patient survival and outcomes. Recent changes in the guidelines for acute stroke care released by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Stroke Association (ASA) have improved patient access to treatment. Stroke treatment now follows the model of myocardial infarction treatment. Hospitals are categorized into four levels based on stroke treatment capability. The most specialized treatment is available in comprehensive stroke centers followed by primary stroke centers, acute stroke-ready hospitals, and community hospitals. The use of telemedicine now enables even community hospitals, with limited specialized capabilities, to care for stroke patients. Telemedicine puts emergency hospital personnel in contact with neurologists providing expertise in the evaluation of a stroke patient and determination of their eligibility for treatment with thrombolytic medication (Jefferey, 2013).
There are many medical issues that can happen to a person at any given moment. Some can be predicted and diagnosed early while others cannot be. Issues with a person’s health can range from a simple headache to something more in depth and disastrous and potentially life threatening. Stroke is one of many major medical issues that can be potentially life threatening. Stroke has many kinds of faces, its problems can be multiple and trying to get back to a normal routine can be extremely difficult but not impossible especially in the oral cavity.
Stroke is a serious medical condition that affects people of all ages specifically older adults. People suffer from a stroke when there is decreased blood flow to the brain. Blood supply decreases due to a blockage or a rupture of a blood vessel which then leads to brain tissues dying. The two types of stroke are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot blocking the artery that brings oxygenated blood to the brain. On the other hand, a hemorrhagic stroke is when an artery in the brain leaks or ruptures (“About Stroke,” 2013). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is a major cause of adult disability” (“About Stroke,” 2013). Stroke causes a number of disabilities and also leads to decreased mobility in over half of the victims that are 65 and older. The CDC lists several risk factors of stroke such as heredity, age, gender and ethnicity as well as medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and excessive weight gain that in...
Stroke is a serious and life-threatening disease that mainly affects the biological functioning of the brain. It is precipitated by an occlusion in the vascular system that supports and nourishes the brain cells with oxygen and other vital minerals (Welch, 2008). With the brain deprived of the necessary nutrients to maintain its fundamental metabolic processes, it is often times altered irreversibly to the point where it affects the...
The animals that stroke primarily affects are humans. This is likely caused by risk factors that humans attain, such as cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, a poor diet, stroke occurring in ancestors, and physical activity/obesity. Stroke has is also starting to become recognized in cats, dogs, and rabbits. According to the World Health Organization, 15 million people suffer from a stroke worldwide every year. Of the people diagnosed, 5 million die and 5 million are permanently disabled. In the United States, 795,000 suffer from stroke annually. 85 percent of the diagnosed strokes are ischemic and 15 percent of them are hemorrhagic As for the humans diagnosed, three fourths of the people that suffer from a stroke are elderly (over the age of 65). This is caused by raising cholesterol levels and the narrowing of arteries as someone ages. Ethnicity, as well as age can also affect a person’s risk to fall victim to a stroke. Africans have a much higher risk of death from a stroke than Caucasians do. This is partly because blacks have greater risks of high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. Research suggests Africans may carry a gene that makes them more salt sensitive, inevitably increasing the risk of high blood pressure. Fortunately, research is still being done to prevent stroke. Rats and mice are primary animal subjects for studying this deadly