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How the cold war affected policies in america
The cold war effect on u.s. policy
The cold war effect on u.s. policy
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The most important, in my opinion, Presidential responsibility is ensuring the faithful execution of the law according to the Take Care Clause. Not only must the President ensure that the law is faithfully executed, he cannot prevent a member of the executive branch from performing the duties imposed on them by congress. The President is also responsible for the commissioning of all Officers of the United States both foreign and those in the military. But this responsibility is only federally, as the states are responsible for the appointments of the officers in the States militia. Because of the Recommendation Clause, the President, as the representative of the people, is supposed to respectfully recommend measures of importance to congress. The State of the …show more content…
The last time this was used was by Harry Truman in 1948. The President can also make treaties and appoint ambassadors. While Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 gives the President power to make treaties, it must be ratified by a two-thirds vote in congress. While this appears to give both the president and congress equal powers, the primary responsibility lies with the executive branch. Because of the power to appoint ambassadors, the president can also recognize foreign governments as well as receive their ambassadors. One of the Presidents most important expressed powers is that of Commander in Chief. But although he is Commander in Chief, only Congress has the authority to declare war as well as the ability to raise and maintain an army. But during the last century, especially during the cold war, that authority was stretched. The president can appoint ambassadors, federal officers and judges, including those on the Supreme Court. But even though he can nominate them, they must be approved by Congress. This is a very important power and leads to some very highly contested
With these powers come several responsibilities, among them a Constitutional requirement to “from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.” Although the President may fulfill this requirement in any way he or she chooses, Presidents have traditionally given a State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress each January (except in inaugural years) outlining their agenda for the coming
Can you imagine president controlling your life? The constitution use three different forms to make a group or a person from getting too much power on his hands. The are three types of power that each contusion have in order to keep power equal. One of them is Legislative Branch Congress “Can approve Presidential nominations”(Document C). It’s a example how governments try to keep power equal.
Congress has the power to declare war and raise and support the armed forces (Article I, Section 8), while the president is the Commander in Chief (Article II, Section 2) (War Powers Resolution, Wikimedia). It is generally agreed that the Commander in Chief role gives the president power to repel attacks against the United States and makes him responsible for leading the armed forces. During the Korean and Vietnam wars, the United States found itself involved for many years in undeclared wars (War Powers Resolution, Wikimedia). Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war. The Senate and the House of Representatives achieved the 2/3 majority required to pass this joint resolution over President Nixon s veto on November 7, 1973.
The War Powers Act or sometimes referred to as the War Powers Resolution is passed by congress. A group of Senators led by Jacov K. Javits of New York proposes fundamentally to change the constitutional relationship between President and Congress in the field of foreign affairs (Rostow). This act is an aftermath of the Vietnam War and it addresses a set of procedure for both President and Congress in the situation where the United States forces abroad could lead the United States into armed conflict. This act can be broken down into several parts. The first part asserts the policy behind the law, and the President’s power as a Commander in Chief is exercised only as a respond to declaration of war by Congress or in respond to national emergency; an attack upon the United States. The second part requires the President to discuss and consult with Congress before take an action in the U.S. Armed forces into hostilities and continue to discuss as long as the U.S. Armed forces remain in such condition. The third part explains that President should meet the requirement when he wants to introduce U.S Armed forces. The fourth part concerns more in congressional action and procedure. For instance, this part explains the procedure regarding legislation to withdraw the U.S. forces. The fifth part states the rules to be used in interpreting the War Power Act. At last, the sixth part explains separability provision in which if there is any part of the law is invalid, the rest of the law shall not considered invalid too.
(Sell Lecture Notes, p.6) Congress shares responsibility with the president in declaring war, negotiating treaties with other countries and proving funds for soldiers and weapons. This is when conflicts come to head. The Vietnam War is a perfect example of this conflict, when the President waged war without a formal declaration of war from Congress. Because of this Congress then passed the War Powers Act in 1973. (Sell Lecture Notes, p.2) The Presidency has many responsibilities and powers.
the US to sign a new treaty, the senate would have to ratify it with a
It is obvious the president was not given enough power under the Constitution. This is in part because Article II of the Constitution was written in a short period of time with little thought. Many presidents have had to make unclear decisions with little information about the circumstance in the Constitution and the president is beginning to take over the government due to increasing implied powers. However the president’s power has recently proven that it has outgrown the constitution and is swiftly evolving. The Constitution gave the president broad but vague powers, including the authorization to appoint judges and other officials with the Senate’s consent, veto bills, lead the military as commander and chief and make sure “that the Laws be faithfully executed.” Many of these powers however are shared with the Legislative Branch, and cause conflict within the government.
It did not originally have the power of judicial review until 1803 in the case of Marbury vs. Madison (Young, 283), which then gave the Supreme Court the power to interpret the Constitution and overrule any law or action that was unconstitutional. As part of the political system, the selection of judges has choice of the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once appointed, federal Judges are in the seat until they resign or die and are independent of the President's influence. (Burns, 360-361) For example, the chief justice of the United States is appointed and holds tenure for life.
Richard E. Neustadt, the author of Presidential Power, addresses the politics of leadership and how the citizens of the United States rate the performance of the president's term. We measure his leadership by saying that he is either "weak or "strong" and Neustadt argues that we have the right to do so, because his office has become the focal point of politics and policy in our political system.
The President of the United States is the head of the Executive branch. The President appoints heads of Federal agencies, such as the Cabinet. Article II of the Constitution states that the President executes the laws created by Congress and also enforces the laws created by Congress. The President has the power to negotiate and sign treaties, the power to grant pardons for Federal crimes. The Vice President and the Cabinet are also a part of the Executive branch. The Vice President should be ready at any time to step into the role of the President should the President become unable to perform the Presidential duties. The Cabinet is made up of the heads of 15 major departments of the government. The Cabinet advised the President on matters of major importance. The Cabinet includes The Secretary of State, The Secretary of the Treasury, The Secretary of Defense, The Attorney General(Justice Department, The Secretary of The Interior, The Secretary of Agriculture, The Secretary of Commerce, The Secretary of Labor, The Secretary of Health and Human Services, The Secretary of Homeland Security, The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, The Secretary of Transportation, The Secretary of Education, The Secretary of Energy, and The Secretary of Veteran’s Affairs. The President appoints or removes Cabinet members. The Executive branch also includes members of the Armed Services. The Judicial branch is the court systems designed to oversee court cases through the US government. It explains the meaning of the Constitution and the laws that have been passed by Congress. The Supreme Court decides and rules whether or not something is permitted by the Constitution; constitutional or unconstitutional. There are nine Supreme Court Justices, or judges that are nominated by the President and approved by the Senate. They have no
The Constitution lays out power sharing amongst the President and Congress. However the Constitution is not always clearly defined which leaves questions to how the laws should be interpreted and decisions implemented. There are three major models of presidential power within foreign policy; the first being the presidential model in which decisions abroad are made by the president and his or her top aides and advisors. This model is accepted amongst many because during times of urgency and crisis the president must make quick decisions. The president unlike congress is provided various sources of intelligence information, which is a benefit in analyzing situations globally and making sound decisions.
President Obama runs a more tightly organized administration. The president is responsible for enforcing the laws drafted by congress. “Overtime, the president’s office has grown more technical, more sophisticated, more powerful, and more overtly political Every president must learn how to manage his own office, decide how much to delegate to the cabinet agencies, and then find a way to coordinate the entire enterprise” (2013). The executive branch is taking more of an active role in healthcare policy which is evident with President Obama’s enactment of the Affordable Care
The president of the United States can make executive agreements (equal to a treaty) and meet with other world leaders without the Senate’s approval. He also has powers that allow him to obtain control in times of an emergency, without the interference of Congress. Abraham Lincoln used this during the Civil War because he needed to ensure he could spend all the money he needed to win the war. The Iranian president can also do this, he can declare a state of emergency which suspends all laws and can enact a state of martial law. However, no president has actually used this power as of now.
As far as foreign policymaking goes, the main goal of the Government is to “speak with one voice” (p. 336) so that our nation will be seen as a united and unwavering force. This notion was put into law in 1799 by the Logan Act, which prohibited unauthorized citizens from negotiating with foreign Governments. Even with such laws in place, having one central foreign policymaking body is easier said than done. The system of checks and balances provides much stability to our national government, but it can also create a struggle between who has what power and who has the final say in matters regarding this issue. There are many individuals, departments, and agencies that retain some influence in the arena of foreign policymaking but for many reasons that will be further discussed, The President is the dominant force and ultimate decision-making resides in his hands, and his alone.
The power of the Executive branch has expanded over time to become the most authoritative division of government. In contrast to the Constitution 's fundamental designer, James Madison, who predicted the Legislative branch would dominate due to it’s power in making laws and regulating taxes/spending, the executive powers have proven to be superior and ever broadening. From the birth of the Republic, the President has sought to protect his rights and seek beyond his restriction of power. Setting the precedent as early as 1795, George Washington refused to relay documents relating to the Jay Treaty to the House of Representatives and saw his actions as a justified act of “executive prerogative.” Moreover, weaving throughout the Nineteenth century, presidents such as Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln conceived and added functions, such as the extensive use of the veto and the president’s direct and active role as Commander in Chief to their executive tool-belt. The Constitution communicates very little details regarding the President’s use of the power of veto and the role as Commander in Chief, but it was these presidents which established the major authority of the executive branch in these areas.