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Is stop and search useful? This will be the focal point of this essay. The essay will include the functions of the police, history of police powers, the stop and search conducts - PACE, the recordings of stop and search, the disproportionality ratios of stop and search and research in this area.
Law enforcement, investigations of crime, arrest and deciding whether to pass the case to the Crown Prosecution Service, is what the police are responsible for. “They are also guardians of the Queen’s Peace and preserving law and order in society” (Davies, 2015, p.180). it requires the police to have a peace-keeping role by being on patrol in the streets and dealing with any occurring disputes. There are many different functions of the police, some
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The research has provided a clear picture consisting of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Research by FitzGerald (1999) consisted of a range of interviews, focal point being London, with young people, community workers and police officers. After analysing the interviews, it was clear that the main area of concern, for young people, was the police officer’s behaviour and attitudes during the stop and search. They emphasised the significance of respect between officer and those being searched and to offer an explanation as to why they were being stopped in the first place. Also in the study, it was acknowledged by police officers and young people that individuals being searched could often show traits of hostility towards the officers. “This suggests that it is important for officers to know how to handle difficult members of the public without creating bad feeling.” (Miller, Bland and Quinton, 2000). The research mentioned above, by Stone and Pettigrew, 2000, came to very similar decisions, suggesting that politeness coming from the police officers is crucial to a co-operative search. Therefore, it is important that the police handle each stop and search incident with care as from the research by FitzGerald it’s clear that it can have an overall effect on the experience people have during a stop and …show more content…
It suggests that both police officers and those being searched can be arrogant and rude to each other. This would then mean that neither side would be willing to give one hundred percent in the search. Therefore, in order get the full benefits of the search a rapport must be built to gain each-others trust and respect. With this in place the search can be carried appropriately. This then means that a recording of the search is more likely to be made accurately and
With reference to the orthodox and revisionist perspectives, assess the statement that ‘the establishment of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 was a rational solution to changes in society and the associated challenges of crime and disorder’. Use a contemporary example to demonstrate how these perspectives can be useful in interpreting modern policing activities.
The duties of a police officer are to ensure that there is maintenance of public peace and order. In order to perform their duties and obligations they require certain powers, authority in order to perform their duties and this extends the power to arrest. This paper focuses on the decision of the court in DPP v Carr, the amendments on Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act (LEPRA) section 99 and a critical evaluation of statements made by Sentas and Cowdery.
Wortley S., Owusu-Bempah A. (2011). The Usual Suspects: Police Stop and Research Practices in Canada. Policing and Society, 21(4), 395-407.
The first appearance of the notion of silence or lack of silence occurs at the first presence of the criminal justice system: the initial meeting with a police officer. During the War on Drugs, it became common for police officers to stop and frisk people, including those without suspicious behavior, in search of drug violations. Although, not against the law, the majority of people do not know that they have the option of declining such a search and refuse to answer any questions. Professor Tracey Maclin conducted a study regarding this phenomenon concluding, “the overwhelming majority of people who are confronted by police and asked questions respond, and when asked to be searched, they comply. This is the case even among those… who have every reason to resist these tactics because they actually have something to hide” (Alexander 66). Therefore, the finding suggests that only a few people do not fear a supposed consequence of not abiding by a police officer’s request. Hence, people remain silent and do n...
In 1990, there was a total of 2,245 murders in New York, but over the past nine years, this total has been less than 600 (NYCLU). However, there has not been evident proof that the stop-and-frisk procedure is the reason of the declination of the crime rate. Indeed, stop-and-frisk contributes to some downturn of crime but the number is not high enough for the citizen and police to rely on. Specifically, only 3% of 2.4 million stops result in conviction. Some 2% of those arrests – or 0.1% of all stops – led to a conviction for a violent crime. Only 2% of arrests led to a conviction for possession of a weapon (Gabatt, A., 2013). In other words, the decrease in crime due to stop-and-frisk is mostly due to the discovery of possessed of weapons. Therefore, stop-and- frisk is not an effective procedure to use because it does not represent a huge impact in people’s safety (Gabatt, A., 2013). The author has done research about how police base their initiation towards the procedure of stop-and-frisk. Researchers have found that stop-and-frisk is a crime prevention strategy that gives a police officer the permission to stop a person based on “reasonable suspicion” of criminal activity and frisk based on “reasonable suspicion” that the person is armed and dangerous. This controversy is mainly because of racial profiling. “Reasonable suspicion” was described by the court as “common sense” (Avdija, A., 2013). Although, the
Each year thousands of Americans are stopped by the police in order to be questioned and frisked. Everyone understands that each stop, question and frisk encounter violated the established constitutional rights. The legal issues which refer to the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy are associated with violation of certain rules that create a debate regarding the validity of the practices. The controversial Stop, Question, and Frisk practices require thorough investigation. It is illegal to aggressively stop and question American citizens who merely enter public places. In many cases, law enforcement personnel uses creative ways to stop, question and frisk people who have shown no evidence of being involved in criminal activity. For example, the New York Police Department’s “Operation Clean Halls” has been used since 1991 allowing local police officers to conduct the so-called “vertical patrols” by providing well-organized stop-and-frisk searches in hallways of public buildings (Mathias, 2012). Actually, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practiced in New York City by the City Police Department stands for the legal procedure, which requires stop and question thousands of people, as well as frisk them for weapons, drugs and other contraband. In fact, the Stop,
The stop and frisk program is a concept that has been employed in the New York City for some few decades not. The program was conceptualized after a careful consideration of the crime rates increasing in the city. As such its core function has been to promote a crime-free society within and in the city. However, the program has had mixed feeling from various stakeholders especially the civilians who have filed complaints with Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) against NYPD police officers.
Hodgson, Jacqueline. "Adding Injury to Injustice: The Suspect at the Police Station." Journal of Law and Society Mar. 1994: 85-101. Academic OneFile. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.
The primary duty of a police officer is to protect the public (Duties of a Police Officer. 2015.). To accomplish this task, police officers are assigned specific job duties on a daily basis, which vary depending on the size and type of their department. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, common duties of a police officer include patrolling designated areas, answering calls for help, enforcing laws, arresting suspected criminals, issuing citations, testifying in court and conducting traffic stops. Police officers also complete detailed reports regarding incidents after all traffic stops or house calls (Duties of a Police Officer.
"A policeman’s first obligation is to be responsible to the needs of the community he serves…The problem is that the atmosphere does not yet exist in which an honest police officer can act without fear of ridicule or reprisal from fellow officers. We create an atmosphere in which the honest officer fears the dishonest officer, and not the other way around.", -Frank Serpico.
Young people and the police have, for many years, experienced a tense and confrontational relationship (Borgquist & Johnson et al., 1995). This has led to a great wealth of literature based upon the notion of police-youth interaction. Much of this literature has tended to focus upon juvenile criminality and the reasons why young people commit such seemingly high levels of crime. Whilst the relationship between young people and the police force has been widely theorised and explained, there is very little literature on juvenile attiudes towards the police. Research that concerns societies attitudes towards the police force tends to focus upon the views and opinions of adults (Hurst and Frank, 2000). In this first section of my literature review I am going to focus upon work that allows us to gain a deeper understanding of why young people are so important when looking at crime. This section will allow us to comprehend the ways in which, literature suggests, young people view the police. This knowledge will provide a basis for my research in which I look more specifically at youth attitudes towards PCSO’s.
American law enforcement agencies are based off the English models which began in the early 1800’s. In 1829, the English Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act (Walker, 1983). Sir Robert Peel who has been credited as the father of modern policing introduced this act to Parliament (Walker, 1983). This act established the London Metropolitan Police which was the model for American policing. This method of policing incorpor...
The law enforcement profession has evolved and improved over time. However, the basic concept of to protect citizens, answer calls for service, and arrest offenders has withstood centuries of changes. Throughout the evolution, several periods in history have defined policing. The political era was during a period of time shortly after Sir Robert Peel created the Metropolitan Police Department, the first modern police force in England in 1829 (Reiner, 1992).
1. to safe-guard lives and property: It is very important that police officers try to protect their citizens to the very best of their ability. Also it is important that the also protect our property and belongings.
When you think of police what does it mean to you? The responsibility of a police officer is to protect the public and to serve the community. Also, they detect and to prevent crime, police officers strive to maintain the law. New police officers work with the general duty as patrol divisions, that provides a range of experiences and assignments. The General duty of policing involves patrolling in assigned areas to enforce laws, protect public safety, and arrest criminal suspects either by car, foot, bicycle, or in some cases, horse. Police officers can also do some of the following: they Investigate accidents and crime scenes; to secure evidence and interview any witnesses; they collect notes and reports; they can provide emergency assistance to victims an disaster, crime, and accidents;