Atoms are one of the most basic units of matter. They are made of positively charged protons, neutrally charged neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is made up of the protons and neutrons, while the electrons orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines what element the atom is. Atoms work to achieve an outer shell of eight electrons. To do this, an atom may give away, take, or share electrons. This leads to different kinds of bonding, where two or more atoms become linked together and form either molecules or molecular compounds.
A molecule is composed of only one element while a molecular compound contains multiple elements. These bonds can happen in a variety of ways, including hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, and ionic bonding. Hydrogen bonding is the weakest bond, and it happens when hydrogen atoms already in a molecule interfere with the electrons of other atoms in other molecules. This normally happens between water molecules. Covalent bonds happen when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to fill their outer shells. The more pairs of electrons that are shared, the stronger the bond is between the atoms. Ionic bonding happens when two oppositely charged become attracted to each other. One atom gives away an electron to have 8 outer electrons; this atom becomes
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positively charged, and is called a cation. The other atom gains an electron and becomes negatively charged, called an anion. These atoms then become electronically attracted to each other because of the opposite charges, and eventually bond to form either a molecule or a compound. This bond can involve one or more electrons being transferred between atoms. Electronegativity plays a major role in the characteristics of different compounds.
It describes how well an atom can attract electrons from another atom while bonding. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons will stay closer to the more electronegative of the atoms involved. The result is polarization, when a molecule has a positive and negative end. This is the main cause of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Water is a notable example of a covalent bond while sodium chloride, or table salt, is a notable example of an ionic bond. These bonds form many of the substances we see around us. These bonds and compounds are even happening inside the human
body. The pH level can affect many processes within an organism. The pH level is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The closer the level is to zero, the more acidic the solution is. If the level is closer to 14, the solution is called a base. The level 7 is considered neutral. An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved. A strong acid completely breaks apart after being added to water. A weak acid does not completely break apart, leaving some of the original bonds intact. Strong and weak bases work basically the same way. A base is a substance that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved. The pH level in an organism can affect the shape and the function of molecules. If the pH is not where it is supposed to be, the molecule may begin functioning in a way that is unnecessary or even harmful to the organism. The pH level can also affect the rates of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions are part of some vital processes in an organism. If these chemical reactions are not happening at the rate they are supposed to, the organism may miss out on vital nutrients. The pH level also affects the ability of molecules to bond. This is part of how pH affects chemical reactions. If molecules are not able to bond, the reaction will happen more slowly. The pH level also affects the ability of some substances to dissolve in water. This also affects the ability of organisms to receive nutrients. Most of these processes require an ideal pH range in order to function properly. This range is normally very small. If the pH level is not within this ideal range, the processes that need to happen will fall apart and the organism will die. To prevent this, organisms have buffers in them that give off or absorb hydrogen ions to stabilize the pH level in the system. Buffers are composed of a weak acid and a corresponding base that exist in equilibrium. Buffers preserve an organism’s ability to perform the functions it needs for survival.
In "Energy Story" uses an explanation of atoms and tells us the parts of an atom and its structure. In the text it
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others.
The Atomic Theory is a theory that explains what matter is made of. The Atomic theory states that matter can’t be divided as it is made up of minute particles called atoms that cannot be separated. The very word atom is derived from the Greek word Atmos which means indivisible.
The link between the number of carbon atoms in a fuel with the amount of energy it releases. Alcohols generally belong to compounds whose molecules are based on chains of carbon atoms. They usually contain one oxygen atom, which is joined to a carbon atom by a singular bond. This makes them different from other compounds.
Atoms are electrically neutral; the electrons that bear the negative charge are equal in number to the protons in the nucleus
- Breaks large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bonding.
...ubstances that have different properties than the properties of the reactants (blue book). Most atoms form bonds with valence electrons only, which means the number of valence electrons determines if an atom will form a bond (eight electrons are usually unreactive, while fewer than eight tend to bond more often). Atoms bond to fill their outermost energy level. They would either lose share or gain an electron. In baking soda and vinegar, you may be wondering what bonding has to do with a chemical reaction. Well, in order for a chemical reaction to take place a bond must be broken. This happens because molecules are always moving which means if they bump with enough energy, the bond will break. The atoms then rearrange and new bonds form to make new substances (blue book). So behind the aesthetic view of the “white fizz,” there is always a scientific explanation.
The procedure for this experiment can be found in Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual prepared by Dr. Virgil Payne.
Electrical conductivity refers to a substances ability to carry moving electrons (conduct electricity). In order to do so, there must be a supply of delocalised electrons. While in a solid state, ionic substances can not conduct electricity as there are no delocalised electrons or free/mobile ions to act as charge carriers. In an aqueous ionic solution, the H2O molecules break apart the crystal lattice structure of the ionic substance into individual ions, surrounding each ion in a jacket of hydration. Below is the equation that describes the dissociation of NaCl when in H2O solvent.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. A chemical solution is a combination of a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent in a solution is the majority of the solution and the solute makes up the rest of the solution. When the solvent and the solute dissolve in each other you end up with a chemical solution. Many chemical reactions are done in solutions, and solutions are also very closely related to our standard everyday lives. For example the air we breathe is a solution made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and some other gasses. Because air is not a compound if you added one extra unit of oxygen it would still remain as air. Solutions can be in gaseous, liquid or solid states.
For this experiment we took two different molecule and virtually dissected them finding everything about them including: bond length, bond angles, the charge on each atom, the non bonded distances between atoms and the energy difference between the highest and lowest molecular orbital.
Each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom (or the apex of the water molecule) bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one. Because opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a neighboring molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed. In an ice crystal the hydrogen bonds to give the shape of the crystal so that the grid of molecules surrounds relatively to large spaces. In a liquid form, water has no such spaces; so ice is less dense and will float on liquid water. If not for this, great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice and all life in the water would die.
Plato accounts for the discussion between the famous philosopher, Socrates, and the skilled rhapsode, Ion in his Ion. The two explore an abstract idea that, during primitive times, was controversial and arose in many conversations as useless and unappreciated. This idea of art carries through the text as Socrates mocks Ion, along with all the other rhapsodes and artists, regarding their “untruthful” and “unskillful” profession. He calls them “light and winged and sacred things” that are “unable ever to indite until he has been inspired and put out of his senses” while breaking down his theory to Ion (534b). But Plato really presents the point of his view when he states “rhapsodes and actors, and the men whose poems they chant, are wise; whereas
From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds--covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond, the electrons are not completely transferred from one atom to another. When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in a bond is large, the more electronegative atom can strip an electron off of the less electronegative one to form a negatively charged anion and a positively charged cation. The two ions are held together in an ionic bond because the oppositely charged ions attract each other as described by Coulomb's Law.
The simple fact that we can see the light from stars proves that they are made up of atoms.