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Causes and effects of victimization
Victims role in criminal justice
Causes and effects of victimization
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1.0 Introduction of victim precipitation
Victim precipitation theories generally involve an explanation of how an individual’s behavior may contribute to his or her own victimization. In future the victim precipitation is behavior by a victim that initiates subsequent behavior of the victimizer and the degree to which victim is responsible for own victimization
Early attempts at studying victim behavior involved the development of typologies that allowed victimol-ogists to determine who was most responsible for the criminal incident offender or victim. For instance,
Wolfgang first introduced the formal concept of victim precipitation in his seminal work on homicide in 1958 when he argued that, in some instances, the victim may initiate the
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The victim negligence allows for certain crimes to be committed against them. They share a certain amount of blame. Through their thoughtlessness they increase their risks of becoming a victim.
Facilitation is similar to a catalyst in a chemical reaction that, given the right ingredients and conditions, speeds up the interaction
“Auto theft and burglary are the two most notable crimes cited in studies of facilitation. The text stated that a crime of facilitation may be when a person leaves a house door open and burglar walks in and steals their stuff. It went on to say these any crimes committed would be considered an illegal act of trespass by intruders seeking to commit thefts (Karmen, A., 2010)".
Victim Provocation are ideas associated with victims of murder, robbery, assault, and rape. Provocation is based upon the notion that the victim contributed to the acts against them. If you were to commit and armed robbery with a toy gun and were shot and killed in the process it would be an example of provocation. It does not justify the crime but makes sense in the realm of
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The law seems to be clear on the point: “Victim fault is not a defense, either partial or complete, to criminal liability.” “Don’t blame the victim” is probably one of the cornerstone maxims of Malaysia Jurisprudence system. On another hand, victim’s behavior in determining the level of the defendant’s criminal liability shall depend on the circumstances, how should we decide when the victim’s behavior is a mitigating factor and when it is irrelevant? To answer these questions, we need to integrate the victim into the theory of criminal law.
The fair and decent treatment of victims by the system can help them to some extent to get over their victimization. Moving forward, the aim to search for the causes of victimization and search for remedies or prevention are the first priority. Beside that we shall concern with how victims are defined, how victim react to experience and how society responds to victim and lastly we should have a system to and for dealing with
In the video of the case of People v. Vasquez, there was evidence of shared responsibility by two of the victim’s family members. Shared responsibility, by definition, is the perspective that the offender does not bear total responsibility for the criminal act, and that some of the blame falls either on the victim or the social system, or both. Summed up, shared responsibility is a possible explanation for why a particular person was harmed by a certain offender. (Karmen, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology,
Nils Christie’s theory on an idea victim consists of certain category’s that may vary for each victim(Christie (1986). From Christie’s theory it is said that the victim could be an old or young lady that has cared for her elderly sister, and if she has been hit on the head by a big man and he grabs her bag and uses the money for alcohol or drugs(Christie (1986). Attributes that Christie came up with is the victim is weaker than the ‘big and bad’ offender. In regards to the rape victim would be a young virgin on her way home from visiting sick relatives’ (Christie (1986).
Stevens, Mark. (2000). Victim Impact Statements Considered in Sentencing. Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, 2(1), 3. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=bjcl
Generally, the study of crime mainly focused on the offender until quite recently. In fact, Shapland et al (1985) described the victim as ‘the forgotten man’ of the criminal justice system and ‘the non-person in the eyes of the professional participants’. A new perspective was brought with victimology, an expanding sub-discipline of crimin...
…many people now acquire "victimhood" through counseling. Being a "victim" draws sympathy. It explains the tragedies, the failures, the hardships, the health problems and the disappointments of life. It relieves people of some of life's natural burdens: dealing with complexity, facing things beyond their control, and accepting responsibility for decisions and actions.
Victimology is the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer from illegal activities. A common struggle Victimologists face is determining who the victim is. In general, crimes don 't have an “ideal victim”. The term ideal victims refer to someone who receives the most sympathy from society (Christie, 2016). An example of this would be a hardworking, honest man who on his way to work, had his wallet taken by force. Most people in society would have sympathy for him. He spent his life making an honest living to earn what he has and was a victim of a robbery. Victimologists study the interactions victims have with criminals, society, and the criminal justice system (Karmen, 2015). According to (Karmen, 2015)
When the victim does not fit the ideal victim attributes which society has familiarised themselves with, it can cause complications and confusion. Experts have noticed there is already a significant presence of victim blaming, especially for cases involving both genders. The fear of being blamed and rejected by the public is prominent in all victims. Victim blaming proclaims the victim also played a role in the crime by allowing the crime to occur through their actions (Kilmartin and Allison, 2017, p.21). Agarin (2014, p.173) underlines the problem of victim blaming is due to the mass of social problems and misconceptions within society. The offender can have “an edge in court of public opinion” if victim blaming exists, resulting in the prevention of the case accomplishing an effective deduction in court (Humphries, 2009, p.27). Thus, victims will become more reluctant to report offences because of their decrease in trust in the police and criminal justice system, leading to the dark figure of
Lyons, Christopher J. 2006. “Stigma or Sympathy? Attributions of Fault to Hate Crime Victims and Offenders.” American Sociological Association. 69:39-59
Wolhuter, Lorraine, Neil Olley, and David Denham. Victimology: victimisation and victims’ rights. London: Routledge-Cavendish, 2009.
...lity that the victim may actually be partly to blame for the crime that was committed against them. Therefore it is often the environment that the criminal lives in, and the people that around them that influence them into committing a criminal act.
Davis, R. C., Lurigio, A. J., & Skogan, W. G. (1997). Victims of crime (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Understanding the theories of victimology is important to understand the victims, we need to understand the four main theories of victimization. These theories are the principals of victim assessment. It will give the officer the tools to understand the motive behind the victimization giving him different types of views to analyze the victim. The four main theories of victimization are: Victim Precipitation, Lifestyle, Deviant Place, and Routine Activity. These four theories according to victimology give us the idea of how the victim become to be a victim. The word Victimization meanings “an act that exploits or victimizes someone” and “adversity resulting from being made a victim” (Vocabulary.com. Dictionary Victimization (2017)). By understanding the victim and the influences of their social life is important so we can give the victim the treatment and
Victim precipitation refers to the role or responsibility that a victim has in their own victimization. In the first generation of victimization theories and victimologist the idea of victim precipitation was studied and thought to be a piece of the whole picture of a crime committed. As time progressed it was not thought to be as much as a factor.
Victim blaming refers to the victim being held responsible for the acts committed against them. Much of victim blaming stems from the traditional ideologies of gender, where women are perceived as inferior to men. These underlying views contribute to sexual assault cases involving female victims and male perpetrators, where the fault lies with the victim. The recent case involving a Stanford student, Brock Turner, who sexually assaulted an unconscious woman, Emily Doe, brought about much public controversy. Though Brock had clear motives for his actions and there was physical proof that he was at fault, allegations against the victim were constantly made. In the trial statement the victim writes, “I was told he hired a powerful attorney, expert witnesses, private investigators who were going to try and find details about my personal
A writer from Southernct stated a fact that “ men, women, and children of all ages, races, religions, and economic classes have been victims of sexual assault. Sexual assault occurs in rural areas, small towns, and larger cities” ( “Southernct” 1). We have all seen on the news a case where a female has been raped and somehow the world makes us believe that it was her own fault that it happened. This is due to victim blaming. Victim blaming occurs when the victim of some sort of crime or wrongdoing is held partially or fully responsible for what happened to them. It is not always easy to identify though. Some people would be considered to be victim blaming over every day situations in life. For example, someone making the