1. Introduction
The escalating liberalization of international trade that occurred during the decades following World War II under the impulse of various multilateral agreements and organizations has brought about a dramatic change in the geographic scope of logistics and freight transportation systems. While new trade ties have emerged with East Asia, long-time trading partners such as the United States and European nations have also intensified their trade relationships, to the point that the European Union is the largest trading partner of the United States and this trade represents 4% of U.S. gross domestic product (BEA, 2010).
The intensification of long-haul trade routes has reinforced the critical role of seaports, as gateways to economic spaces and as nodes on the global deep-sea liner shipping networks (Goss, 1990; Notteboom and Rodrigue, 2007; Trongzon and Sawant, 2007). A countervailing force has been that shipping lines have now become dominant actors in world trade because they operate at the global scale and often have the option to route their services through one of multiple seaports (Slack, 1993). As Slack (1993) puts it, “no longer can ports expect to attract shipping lines because they are natural gateways to rich hinterlands” (p. 581), and so is it with containerized freight shipping business. Patterns and processes of competition between seaports have changed and can be expected to remain quite dynamic in the face of fast-paced changing business environments (Meersman et al., 2010). The purpose of this chapter is to depict the state of inter-port competition from a multidimensional perspective. To this end, we adopt the framework of the “functional economic space” (Gatrell, 1983) whose genesis is to be found...
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...oi, M. (2003). Shippers’ Port and Carrier Selection Criteria in China: A Discrete Choice Analysis, Maritime Economics & Logistics, 5, 23-39.
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Trongzon, J.L., and Sawant, L. (2007). Port Choice in a Competitive Environment from the Shipping Lines’ Perspective. Applied Economics, 39, 447-492.
Veldman, S.J., and Buckmann, E.H. (2003). A Model on Container Port Competition: An Application for the West European Container Hub-Ports. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 5, 3-22.
Yan, J., and Thill, J.C. (2008). Visual Data Mining in Spatial Interaction Analysis with Self-organizing Maps. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 36, 466-486.
Trade is the most common form of transferring ownership of a product. The concepts are very simple, I give you something (a good or service) and you give me something (a good or service) in return, everyone is happy. However, trade is not limited to two individuals. There are trades that happen outside national borders and we refer to that as international trading. Before a country does international trading, they do research to understand the opportunity costs and marginal costs of their production versus another countries production. Doing this we can increase profit, decrease costs and improve overall trade efficiency. Currently, there are negotiations going on between 11 countries about making a trade agreement called the Trans-Pacific
Shipping goods through Detroit to the Port of Halifax provides the opportunity to use vacated industrial centers by repurposing these facilities for transshipment and manufacturing. Detroit as a transshipment hub provides a distribution system for goods to move to worldwide markets. Many manufacturers have failed due to a lack of an adequat...
Bentley, J., & Ziegler, H. (2008). Trade and encounters a global perspective on the past. (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 182-401). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dominate Characteristics: With globalization, shipping is now a major priority for businesses and many individuals, especially those that use the internet to do a lot of shopping.
Slaves and slave trade has been an important part of history for a very long time. In the years of the British thirteen colonies in North America, slaves and slave trade was a very important part of its development. It even carried on to almost 200 years of the United States history. The slave trade of the thirteen colonies was an important part of the colonies as well as Europe and Africa. In order to supply the thirteen colonies efficiently through trade, Europe developed the method of triangular trade. It is referred to as triangular trade because it consists of trade with Africa, the thirteen colonies, and England. These three areas are commonly called the trades “three legs.”
Power of buyers High, because of the low switching cost in change shippers and buyers are price sensitive so they could lead price war. Threat of substitutes Low, because ocean shipping is optimal choice for big and heavy cargo, air transport is too expensive and only attract buyers that are time sensitive. Rivalry among existing competitors High, because of the similar services among the container shipping industry, particularly MOLs, is a big pressure on Meli if it takes the acquisition. o SWOT Analysis • Strengths - Strong financial position of Meli: continuous profit from 19952007.
Sharing borders with major maritime routes, Sweden also has important seaports. Its rich maritime history also facilitated the development of the Swedish shipbuilding industry. Sweden has the second largest shipbuilding industry in the 1960s and 1970s until Japan outperformed and surpassed Sweden. Various factors contributed to the decli...
Canada is great economic superpower that has yet to reach its potential. As the second largest nation by area, we possess vast natural resources. We are a massive importer and exporter on the world stage, who a play a vital role in the stability of the northern hemisphere. Through Canada’s international trade, we export vast quantities of many different foods stuffs, minerals and manufactured goods like cars, while we tend to import lots of Iron, Aluminum and Steel. Our relations with neighbouring nations have been integral in the success of our trade. In 1994 Canada became a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA with the US and Mexico. NAFTA reorganized Canada’s and America’s trading systems to work as one. The trade issue of recent months is about the rising costs of energy in Canada and in the United States. Newly elected President George W. Bush now is proposing a North American energy initiative for a continental power grid. This proposal puts Canada in a very uncomfortable situation. On the one hand we would love to share our resources and appease our super-power to the south. But on the other we prefer to leave our pristine land alone. The growing trend nowadays is that politicians are the ones wanting to please the Americans by giving away our resources, while it is the activist who is concerned about the vast environmental damage this energy legislation could entail.
As sea ice begins to melt, opportunity in sea transportation strikes as an interesting topic for the Canadian economy. Wintertime shipping has proven to be difficult in the Canadian arctic, due to heavier and thicker ice (Fergal & Prowse, 2007). Summertime has always been a preferable season for sea transportation partially due to the softened ice, and the amount of daylight produced, compared to wintertime darkness (Ferg...
The seaport of Rotterdam is the largest in the world, transhipping tens of millions of tonnes of goods per year. And Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is the fourth largest airport in Europe for both passenger and goods traffic. Dutch transport companies are clustered around the two main import and export centres: Amsterdam Schiphol Airport and the seaport of Rotterdam.
Grouchier, C & Walton, L. 2013. The maritime world: The Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean World. Vol 2. London & New York.
More than forty thousand merchant ships, and countless number of smaller coastal craft, ply world oceans which comprise nearly seventy percent of the earth’s surface. Each year approximately ten million containers of cargo, containing raw materials to finished goods are transported by seas. The ships are owned by different states, private companies or individuals and manned by mixture of seafarers from different countries, mixed together from various nationalities. These ships are perhaps the most autonomous entities on earth as rule of law allows frequent change of their allegiance or identity by choosing a flag to suit their requirement.
Vollrath, T. L. (1991). U.S. trade in competitive world markets. FoodReview, 14(1), 26. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
The authors try to emphasize the importance of new growth dynamics for containerization not just for being a transport unit but also as a supply or commodity chain unit as well. The group of authors also briefly explain that Containerized freight is commonly characterized by the movement of manufactured goods and parts from manufacturing facilities to retail activities with the whole range of distribution activities in between, such as terminals and distribution centers. The way containerized freight is used is a benefit in multiple ways from the space flexibility to movement of goods shown in terms of distribution efficiency. Containerization dynamics has for some time relied on a variety of factors that are noted as being derived volume linked with globalization, the substitution of break-bulk traffic into
Interdependence: The possibility that unhindered commerce trade prompts interconnections that make clash too much over the top.