Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
History of racism america
The evolution of racism in America
Individual and institutional racism
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Introduction
The objective is to provide a critical introductory analysis to some of the key debates as to whether institutional racism has manifested itself in the 20th and 21st century Britain. Institutional racism has become a contributing factor when examining studies to do with policing, schooling and racism in contemporary Britain. This essay will seek to examine in what ways institutional racism has manifested in Britain today and if so to what extent. The debate will also look at specific areas of interest that are relative or have steamed from institutional racism in particular policing and schooling.
The debate will also include an evaluation of the relevancy of Institutional racism during the 20th and 21st century and the lasting effect it has on contemporary society. I will partition the arguments into several main points: Part one will look into the origins of institutional racism and the Stephen Lawrence case as well as the resulting report (The Macpherson report) from the situation and possibly other cases that have allegations of institutional racism before this case. During the second part, I will discuss other areas of institutional racism in particular; schooling and its contribution to the topic and include cases within the area. As well as briefly exploring any issues faced before Institutional racism. And lastly, throughout the course of topic I will examine other institutional problems that may have occurred in different countries for comparison arguments.
Institutional racism 20th century vs. 21st century
The concept of institutional racism was introduced in 1960s America. The concept was politically powerful in expanding existing understandings of racial inequalities which focused on individual prejudic...
... middle of paper ...
...h shows like My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding, Chicken Shop and several others. An extract taken from a news report in 2013 from an acting police officer state that he feels the police institution is not racist but some members who make up the institution are. Seniors of these institution thought that the media magnifies the concept of institutional racism. It then poses the question: What does educational inequality mean for occupational attainment?
Arguments in the manifestation of institutional racism in Britain can also be sought in areas such as employment and media so are somewhat mentioned due to the limitations of this essay.
It is right to say that institutional racism has gradually manifested in Britain throughout the 20th to the 21st century in examples provided above. But the changes in society through laws and regulations have sought to challenge this theory.
To say that racism is institutional is to refer “to the ways in which racist beliefs or values have been built into the operations of social institutions in such a way as to discriminate against, control, and oppress various minority groups” (Henry et al, 2004). Institutional racism is a facet of structural violence—but is by definition restricted to structural violence or cultural violence for which race is the catalyst and with racial bias or bigotry the sustaining element.
Despite the passing of the Civil Rights Act and Affirmative Action, racism evolved from the blatant discrimination of the 1960s like segregation, to the slightly more passive racism of the 1990s such as unfair arrests/jail time (Taylor). Curtis’ writes three decades after the aforementioned progress and yet, looking back on the 90s, there is an alarming amount of similarities between the two.
William Julius Wilson creates a thrilling new systematic framework to three politically tense social problems: “the plight of low-skilled black males, the persistence of the inner-city ghetto, and the fragmentation of the African American family” (Wilson, 36). Though the conversation of racial inequality is classically divided. Wilson challenges the relationship between institutional and cultural factors as reasons of the racial forces, which are inseparably linked, but public policy can only change the racial status quo by reforming the institutions that support it.
Institutional racism, maintains the unequal outcomes in the criminal justice system result from the practice, resides in the policies, procedures, operations and culture of public or private institutions – reinforcing individual prejudices and being reinforced by them in turn’(Sveinsson, n.d.). This approach was generated by the Macpherson report, Stephen Lawrence, a young black
Next, Institutional or systemic racism refers to the laws, policies, practices, rules and procedures that operate within organisations, societal structures and the broader community to the advantage of the dominant group or groups and to the detriment and disadvantage of other groups. Institutional racism may be intentional or unintentional. Jim Crowe is a great example of institutional racism. Jim Crow laws were the name of the racist caste system put in place to segregate African Americans, Hispanics and any ethnic minority. Theses laws made it so non whites could not integrate with minorities. These laws applied to hospitals, buses, toilets and drinking fountains and restaurants. For example Buses: All passenger stations in this state operated
Guess contends that conventional theoretical approaches to race fail to account for the “historical consciousness of whiteness as social norm” (650:2006). They tend to ignore whiteness and treat it as a given or a prerequisite (651:2006). This then results in an automatic social devaluation imposed on those that do not meet this norm. Guess contends that racism and colourism work on two levels. Firstly, racism by intent works on an individual level of belief and values that stem from historic events such as slavery and Jim Crowe laws (Guess 661:2006). Racism is then internalized into the framework of society, which Guess calls ‘racism of consequence’. Racism of consequence is reflected in differing educational, economic and residential opportunities between races, as well as differing health care standards (652:2006). Such structural inequalities are extremely problematic because they are so deeply internalised that many people may not even realise that they exist (Guess
Institutional Racism- consists of established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in a society, whether or not individuals who maintain those policies and practices
In the articles “Implicit racial bias often begins as early as preschool, a study finds” and “Research suggests the gender gap in math starts as early as kindergarten”. The central idea in the two articles are that girls and black students are treated unfairly. There are similarities and in how they develop the idea of how some students are discriminated against. However there are many differences in how they develop the central idea. There are studies that back up both accusations of black students and girls being treated differently in the classroom.
Because institutionalized racism is a factor that affects how individuals engage with race, Packer’s “Drinking Coffee Elsewhere Stories” proves that institutional racism aids in causing segregation. In the article “Disguised Racism in Public Schools,” Samuel Brodbelt goes into great detail about how institutionalized racism is seen in many public schools today. He also further explains how the effects of institutionalized racism may cause segregation between the races. Brodbelt states “today, the public schools serve as an example of the extent of institutional racism” (Brodbelt 699).
Bobo, L. (1999). microfoundations of a sociological approach to racism and race relations. Prejudice as group position, J. Soc. Issues 55:445–72.
Randall, Vernellia. “What is Institutional Racism?” Dying While Black. 9 Jan. 2008. Web. 16 Nov 2013.
Racism has been around since the dawn of human existence, coming in many forms and effecting all types of people. In the twenty-first century, racism still plays a part in ever society on the plant. But instead of overt racism people find different ways to disadvantage certain groups. The current American culture views overt racism as unfair, rude, and wrong, but that does not stop people from using unconscious racism. Unconscious racism is when the offender disadvantages another based on race without being out right racist to the person. From not giving a job to a person based on the color of their skin to calling out the president for not being born in the country, racism effects people at all status levels. Starting when the first settlers arrived to internment camps to modern day unconscious racism, racism has token many forms and changes according to the time. The key factors that help unconscious racism thrive in our society are the changes to the policy that determine what is a racist act, the formations of stereotype through the concentration of ethnic groups population, and the negative effects of Affirmative action all played a part.
Randall, Vernellia R. "Institutional Racism in American Society." Race, Racism, and the Law 2000: n. pag. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
Racism is one of the world’s major issues today. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exists in our schools workforces, and anywhere else where social lives are occurring. It is obvious that racism is bad as it was many decades ago but it sure has not gone away. Racism very much exists and it is about time that people need to start thinking about the instigations and solutions to this matter. Many people believe that it depends on if a person was brought into the world as a racist or not but that is not the case at all. In fact, an individual cannot be born a racist but only learn to become one as they grow from child to adulthood. Basic causes, mainstream, institutions, government, anti racism groups, and even some hidden events in Canada’s past are a few of the possible instigations and solutions to racism.