The Inga 3 Project is a Dam building venture in the Congo. The idea was to build hydropower plants to extend energy across the globe. The original idea was to provide free or inexpensive energy and jobs to underdeveloped areas. This would be the third dam in the region. Inga 1 was completed in 1972 and Inga 2 was completed in 1982 and were a part of the Inga-Shaba project.
Inga 3 Project is supposed to connect the electric grids of many countries in the region. “Inga 3 is expected to produce 4,500 MW of electricity and cost projected to be close to 12 billion dollars making it the World Bank’s biggest project ever.” (Bosshard, 2014)
Bosshard states that the “World Bank was set to receive its first grant on February 11th, 2014 but removed the project from its board calendar the previous week.” (Bosshard, 2014) Bosshard’s concerns for the project range from financial stress on the poorest inhabitants of the region to environmental issues.
Critics concerns for the poor in the region are multi-dimensional. First, the threat of private investors brings the likelihood that the jobs that were slated to be brought to the region by the building of the third dam would not go to the poor as was initially hoped.
Second, what was slated as a project that would bring low cost or free energy to the impoverished regions may
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actually instead create expensive energy that only the wealthy can afford. Third, critics point to the other two projects in the region as evidence that corruption and mismanagement plagues these projects making them bad for the area. Inga 1 and Inga 2 caused a pollution issue in the region that had “10 million residents of Kinshasa working and sleeping in a thick haze of diesel fumes pumped from thousands of generators running around the clock.” (Kenny, Charles;Norris, John, 2015) Kenny and Norris go on to explain that after building Inga 1, all that power was diverted to start building Inga 2. From the start, Inga 2 project had a lot of issues. In order to gain a major investor in the project, the region’s dictator made a deal with “Alusuisse, a large Swiss aluminum concern, to set up a bauxite processing facility in Katanga”. (Kenny, Charles;Norris, John, 2015) This deal cost the government billions of dollars in port upgrades, gave the company a veto on any other aluminum company, and granted them exemption from all export taxes that the region and its government desperately needed. While the price for the projects quadrupled, the dictator spent frivolously instead of investing back into his country’s economy. In 1974, when the price of copper dropped from $1.40 to $.60 per pound, the bottom fell out of the region’s market. The World Bank and IMF stepped in to try to stabilize the region but “In a couple of years, the country was insolvent”. (Kenny, Charles;Norris, John, 2015) All of this lead to the two previous dams in the region that were once thought to be the answer to producing the most affordable energy became the most expensive energy being produced. The hope is that with the steady increase in stability after the 2002 peace deal, that the new dam project won’t go the same way as its predecessors. An article in Bloomberg Business on December 3, 2015 states that construction is slated to begin by the end of 2016. “The $12 billion project will produce about 4,800 megawatts and represent the first phase of the larger Grand Inga project, a hydropower complex that would span the Congo river and produce as much as 50,000 megawatts of power when complete, according to the World Bank.” (Pronina, Lyubov; Wilson, Thomas, 2015) Bosshard insists that “The Inga 3 Dam is designed to serve mining companies and the South African market. If it is developed as a private investment, poor consumers are bound to be excluded from its benefits.” (Bosshard, 2014) Many groups are watching this project with hope but still leery of past projects and the devastation from corruption and mismanagement. In the coming years, this project will either be the proving ground for future projects and provide stability and energy to many regions that desperately need it or it will be yet a third failure in the Congo region saga. Researching this project and its predecessors, I feel that this is just more strife for the area.
The region needs the energy that the third dam can provide. Providing affordable power, more jobs and economic stability to a region to promote governmental stability is a great idea. Unfortunately, the one component you cannot remove from the scenario is human effect. Humans are corruptible. With the costs of building the third dam increasing dramatically and private investors participating, it is more and more unlikely that the power generated will be any more affordable than Inga 2. I fear this could send the region into another great war
era. The World Bank and IMF could have imposed strict guidelines from the onset of the first two dam projects. They could have forced a percentage of the profits be pumped back into the region’s economy in such a manner as to fix foundational issues like roads, transportation, schools and so forth. These would have also helped create much needed jobs for the poor in the area. In hindsight, we can see the need for considering such restrictions. However, the mission of the World Bank and IMF is not to take over and rule an area but to help the regions better themselves. Understanding this, not having conditions that restrict these things with the first two projects makes sense. Not having them in place for Inga 3 would be foolish, given the history in the region. One could argue the present government looks as though they are trying to do the right thing. I just feel it would be better to be safe rather than regret in hindsight with a third attempt. On the reverse argument, imposing such restrictions is bordering on domination and control. The very things the World Bank and IMF critics are charging them with already. Why, then, will they use their strong arm against some nations for political gain but not on other regions to protect their financial investments? It would seem that in a region that has seen much bloodshed and upheaval, they would want to be stricter to make sure they don’t lose out on their investments. I am very torn here. The optimist in me would love to see the third phase completed and the people of the Congo benefit from the project. For all they have been through, they deserve to benefit. However, Inga 3 is just one of a 7 phase plan for the region forming what is called the Grand Inga. The benefits to the rest of the world, if they can get the costs under control, could be huge. I am just not ok with the costs to the environment and, most of all, to the people of the Congo.
Furthermore, even though the Friend dam is the first primary purpose of it; it also follows a secondary purpose also. And that would be the Friend Power Authority which has 4 power plants. And within the plants it has turbines in it. What this turbine does it is that it generates water into the channel or tubes, and then it let it out into the four outlets which flows out into its benefits locations.
The negative aspects of Glen Canyon Dam greatly exceed the positive aspects. The dam’s hydroelectric power supply is only three percent of the total power used by the six states that are served by the facility. There is a surplus of power on the Colorado Plateau and with more and more power-plants being created in the western hemisphere, Glen Canyon Dam’s power is not needed (Living Rivers: What about the hydroelectric loss). Although the ‘lake’ contains twenty seven million acre feet of water, one and a half million acre feet of water are lost yearly due to evaporation and seepage into the sandstone banks surrounding the ‘lake’ (Living Rivers: What about the water supply?). The loss of that much “water represents millions, even billions of dollars” (Farmer 183). If the government were to employ more water efficient irrigation practices, as much as five million acre feet of water per year could be saved.
...ouse also. In Indonesia, corruption is widely present. The organization may request a sum of money from the government to solve the flooding issue, although, the leaders of the IFPP could possibly choose to pocket the money for their own use, instead of properly solving the flood issue in Solo. Due to corruption, the money remaining wouldn’t be able to be suffice for the construction, therefore they have to minimize the use of resources which could lead into a weaker dam, or they have to build a smaller dam which couldn’t decrease the flood levels as much. Although problems like corruption is there, the dam system would be an effective method because the flood levels are getting controlled, and the hydrological power would be able to be supplied to the people, therefore slowly covering their costs, and resulting into a highly effective method for the people of Solo.
The primary goal of the dam, irrigation, was forgotten as the war time need for electricity increased. Aluminum smelting was vital to the war effort. Aluminum smelting requires substantial amounts of electricity and hydroelectric power plants are often built to provide electricity for these smelts. The electricity was also used to produce uranium for the Manhattan Project. After the war ended the original goal of irrigation resumed. Additional dams, siphons and canals were constructed that turned the coulee into a vast supply network that allowed the desert to bloom.
LJI308 is a potent and selective inhibitor of RSK. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) comprises a family of serine/threonine kinase which is expressed in various human cancers. RSK is the cytosolic substrate for the ERK (extracellular sianal-regulated kinase), involved in direct regulation of cell survival, proliferation, and cell polarity. Previous studies have demonstrated that RSK pathway is important for the growth and proliferation of cancer stem cells [1,2].
Japan is an island nation off the coast of East Asia. It is made up of four large islands and about 3,900 smaller ones. On a map, they form a thin crescent moon. All together, they form an area about the size of Montana. To the west, the sea of Japan separates it from its nearest neighbors, Korea and China. To the east lies the Pacific ocean. Japan has a moderate climate. Summers are nice. Winters are mild, with heavy snowfall limited to the north. Japan makes crops due to rain in the summer.
.... And The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) constructed dams and power plants to improve the impoverished region.
The Hoover Dam is a modern marvel and a testament to American ingenuity. At over six million six hundred thousand tons and jetting seven hundred sixty feet from the canyon floor, six hundred sixty feet across the bottom and, one thousand two hundred forty four feet across the top, the structure is awe inspiring even to a modern audience. Three quarters of a century since its completion it still stands as a symbol of one of the greatest construction projects of the ages. The need for a dam to block the Colorado River was not a new idea when construction began in 1931, but had been mulled around since the dawn of the century. Flooding due to runoff from the Rocky Mountains had devastated crops, and a need for hydroelectric power increased the need for a dam. In 1922 Black Valley was chosen as the spot for the dam’s construction. No one construction company was large enough to take on the project alone, so a group of companies formed a joint venture in order to bid the job. The Six Companies Inc. made up of Morrison-Knudson, the J.F. Shea Company of Portland, MacDonald & Kahn Ltd, Pacific Bridge Company of Portland, Henry J. Kaiser, Bechtel Company of San Francisco were awarded the winning bid for the dam at forty eight million eight hundred ninety thousand nine hundred fifty five dollars. The construction management team had a Herculean task in building this behemoth and faced many problems in its construction. A few of the major issues posed to the team were diverting the Colorado River, provisioning the men and material to get the job done, and the actual construction of the Hoover Dam. The heights involved with project led to many safety obstacles that had to be overcame.
Showing that the Bureau only truly cared about the popularity and attractions of dam development, they just built dams to build dams and created cash register dams to fund even more projects that weren't even needed. “Congress without water projects
The use of turbines from dams to provide power was a brilliant idea until water levels started running lower than normal. The water waste from humanity is directly contributing to portions of it, aside from drought conditions affected by pollution, widespread fires battled, and more adds to the depletion thereof. When humanity is relying on power provided from dams to handle the demand, they are essentially relying on the assumption that water levels will always be there to provide it. The Hoover Dam provides power to the southwestern portion of the USA that has a large number of people.
The main structures for the Chixoy project was a 108 meter hydroelectrical dam close to the junction of the Chixoy and Quixal rivers, 25.6 km power tunnel, and a power plant that generates a total of 300MW when fully operational. The project was expected to cost a total of 414.08 million US dollars with initial loans from the International Bank for reconstruction and Development (IBRD also known as the World Bank) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) being 72 and 105 million US dollars respectively (At the time of 1978).
The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River will probably be finished by 2009 and will be the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.
To utilize newer sources of the agriculture waste for the purpose of electricity generation and double the start up capacity in five years.
IYER, R.I. (19X9) "Large Dams: The Right Perspective.' Economic and Political Weekly, 14, 107- 116.
The paragraphs below will prove that the construction and presence of dams always has and will continue to leave devastating effects on the environment around them. Firstly, to understand the thesis people must know what dams are. A dam is a barrier built across a water course to hold back or control water flow. Dams are classified as either storage, diversion or detention. As you could probably notice from it's name, storage dams are created to collect or hold water for periods of time when there is a surplus supply.