To begin with, In the XVIII century, Western Europe was under feudalism stage. However ending of the transition to a capitalist economy was obviously close The main events of this era were in the social and economic sphere. Origin and formation of the bourgeois economic relations, competition domination at rapid growth of the industry. Industrial revolution in England, growth of economic and political value of the bourgeoisie, strengthening of anti-feudal movement, village submission by the city, almost full replacement of traditional ties between people the monetary relations. Economically Western Europe in the XVIII century was an example of rather fast rates of industrial development. At the beginning of the century, the European manufactory entered a closing stage of the development and in a number of the countries (England, Holland, and some branches of production in France) began to prevail over craft. In the majority of other European countries (France, Germany) development of a manufactory restrained feudalism remnants. Shop privileges, narrowness of the domestic market. Industrial revolution – the general historical phenomenon characterizing a certain moment in the development of capitalism. The era lead to the transition from handmade goods and hand production to a more atomized way of producing stuff by the means of using improved raw materials and the help of machines devolved. A new era of development was growing to a second industrial revolution with improved technology and better economic prospects large scale manufacturing of machine tools and machinery in factories increased as well as the means to do so became available. At the time every single innovation was linked to another, for instance if the textile... ... middle of paper ... ...ities of its favorable use. Wars of the XVIII century almost all were accompanied by capture of new colonies: the wealth grew in earlier acquired colonies and the population increased Such continuous increase in colonial wealth and trade provided everything the extending market for the British goods which couldn't be saturated the house industry because of manual methods of production any more. Large dragged-out wars of 18 century which were waged by regular armies not only resulted in continuous demand for the British goods, but also caused demand for the special, standardized goods. Technical inventions were made at the end of 18 century just because conditions of that period forced people to look for solution of problems of mass production of goods that accumulation of the capital reached level at which began possible completely to use methods of mass production.
The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the production of goods that altered the life of the working class. Similar to most other historical turning points, it had skeptics, or people that doubted the change, and fanatics, people who saw the value in the change being made. The Industrial Revolution and the period that followed shortly after highlight these varying opinions, as people were more conflicted than ever about the costs of industrialization. While industrialization started in England as an attempt to capitalize on the good fortune they had struck, it quickly developed into a widespread phenomenon that made the production of goods more exact and controlled by higher level people. Many industries, such as the cotton and textile businesses, were previously run through organizations called “cottage industries”.
Between 1450 and 1750, political, economic, and artistic changes affected Western Europe. Politically, in the 1400's parts of Europe had a feudalistic government and feudal monarchies but overtime Europe adapted to absolute monarchies, parliamentary monarchies, and nation-states. Economically, with feudalism declining, capitalism and mercantilism grew with the commercial revolution. In the arts, there was a change from the mostly religious art of the middle Ages to the Renaissance focus on realism, and humanistic ideas during the enlightenment revolution, also new scientific ideas during the scientific revolution.
In an era where industrialization was king,
The factory system was the key to the industrial revolution. The factory system was a combination of Humans and new technology. New technology was arriving every day. The greatest invention during this time was the steam engine. The creation of the steam engine was credited to James Watt. There had been other steam engines before James Watt’s but none of them were efficient. Watt’s engine was the first efficient engine that could be used in a factory. The steam engine had the strength of ten thousand men.(Pollard) This was not the only invention that helped the factory system evolve. Textiles were a major product of the Industrial Revolution. Production was slow at first in the factory. In 1764, a British inventor named James Hargraves invented the “Spinning Jenny.” This lowered production time which enabled the factory to produce more per day. In 1773, John Kay, an English inventor, created the “flying shuttle” which lowered the production time even more.(Encarta) If production had not been speed up, the Industrial Revolution would have not had that big of effect as it did in North America.
Wrought iron was a very popular material during the Industrial Revolution, but by the Second Industrial Revolution, steel had taken its place. Iron was then improved to be malleable and has been steel’s runner up ever since. Rubber and plastic were also created in this time frame, as scientists began to research macromolecular chemicals and synthetic materials. Electricity was still being explored during these years, as minor improvements were made increasing the quality and reliability while reducing the cost. One of the most important inventions to come out of the Second Industrial Revolution was the airplane. In 1903 the Wright brothers used their knowledge of mechanics and aerodynamics to create the first airplane, by 1914 the end of the Revolution the autopilot system was developed, and just thirty years after the Wright brother’s first flight, the first commercial airline business was created. Revolutionizing the system of production in agriculture had a slow start, because most of the work in agriculture was performed by human hands, such as tending to the crops or weeding. Once internal combustion engines were created they were applied to this problem. Right before WWI, tractors and combines began surfacing in the agriculture industry, changing it forever.
The technological aspect of the industrial revolution is the development of machines which are used in industries for instance the Slatter’s mill founded for the milling of cotton (Library of Congress).
The introduction of new technologies was a double-edged sword in forming society. On one note, inventions like the phonograph, or the electric dynamo brought entertainment and commonplace items to the middle class, as well as household appliance to today's society. Another benefit, included the shift from steam engines to that of internal combustion, seen in automobiles (500). On another side, factories became more efficient by means such as the open-hearth process used in steel mills, leading to lower wages, and longer hours for workers (500). Although the first example has provided today’s society with modern appliances, the latter was more significant during the early 19th century. Now that production lines were more prominent, workers no longer needed to be skilled in multiple jobs, and in turn they were easily replaced by those willing to work for the lowest price.
Farr, James R. World Eras. Industrial Revolution in Europe, 1750-1914. Vol. 9. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2003. 203-04. Print.
By the 1750ís the Industrial Revolution had begun. The Industrial Revolution was directly related to the rise of the factory system.(1) The incentive to invest in factories came from the fact that they were extremely efficient, so there was a great potential for increased profit. Men, women, and children were employed to keep the machines running and the factory system was established to provide the greatest efficiency of material and labor, at the lest expensive cost.(2) Factories provided the oppo...
Over the course of European history, Europe developed into a flourishing land based upon the efforts of various beneficial individuals known as the innovators. The innovators marked a major turning point that changed Europe’s livelihood by improving labor and created one of the most historic impacts known as the Industrial Revolution. This process of developing the economy occurred from 1760 to 1850.This time period improved lives of workers majorly on the farmers by making labor undemanding and facile by the different machineries that were invented. Workers were able to easily accomplish certain tasks faster using new inventions created in that time period that would have taken them a much longer time to complete before the beginning of the
Industrial revolution which is regarded as the starting point of the modern world, began in the late 18th century in Britain and it is a major turning point in the human history. Since then, an unprecedented transformation began to change our daily life in almost every aspect. However, most people lived in countryside and made their living by farming before that time, what made Britain so special and what are the major factors that made Britain to be the beginning place of the industrial revolution? On the other hand, N. F. R. Crafts (1977, p.431) said that, “It will be assumed that in the mid-eighteenth century France and England were both growing economies with significant amounts of small-scale manufacturing activity.” So why is it not first take place in France? In fact, the industrial revolution in Britain did not just happen in the 1760, it had been an ongoing process for many years before, and this was mainly because of earlier revolutions in the 17th and 18th centuries. Moreover, Britain had enjoyed political stability and economic prospering for a long period and this had sown their seeds for later success in the end of 19th century. Basically, the coming together of many factors in the late 18th century had created a unique environment to Britain for the first industrial revolution to take place.
Massive industrialization of European society occurred partly due to a population rise in the mid-eighteenth century (“Industrial History”). It began in Britain in the mid-eighteenth century (“Industrial History”). Britain was the catalyst for the Industrial Revolution as they had advanced agricultural methods, which put them in a better position to start industrializing. In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, machines and techniques like spinning frames, mechanical weaving, and textile factories developed (“Industrial History”). The iron industry and cities grew immensely (“Industrial History”).
The industrial Revolution began in England in the 1700’s. The First Industrial Revolution contributed to the rise of capitalism in that it led to investing in factories, increased production and higher demands for raw materials, led to worldwide trade, new innovations and inventions. Changes in transportation, agriculture, and communication were considered the largest contributions to capitalism (Arellano, n.d). The new inventions led to building more factories for people to work. The wealthy people brought and managed the factories. The workers received a wage for their work. The addition of the machines used in the factories helped create the Capitalism economic system by creating the wage format for the people that worked in the factories (Walker,
Due to a favorable environment, agriculture experienced a boom in the eighteenth century. Great Britain’s imperialism and colonization of the majority of the world allowed the nation to gain access to a variety of natural resources, and increased revenue through taxes. It also greatly increased trade, as Great Britain opened up trade paths, and took control of many trade industries which greatly boosted the economy. With a stronger economy and increased money flow, there was an increase in consumer goods which was benefited by the fact that families had more money to spend on goods. In addition, there were higher wages, which was an incentive for people to innovate and join the workforce.
Horn, Jeff, Leonard N. Rosenband, and Merritt Roe Smith. Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution. Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2010.