11. Total Solids in Water and Waste Water
Introduction:
The term “Total solids” includes all the solid constituents of a wastewater, which are as follows:
• Organic Solids: This fraction is generally composed of dead animal matter and plant tissue. It may also include synthetic organic compounds. These compounds are subject to decay or decomposition through the activity of bacteria and other living organisms and are combustible.
• Inorganic Solids: It includes sand, silt as well as the mineral salts in the water supply which produce the hardness and mineral content of the water. Such substances are inert and not subject to decay, and are non-combustible.
• Suspended Solids: Suspended solids are those which are visible and in suspension in
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Total solids can be expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L). Total solid measurements are useful as an indicator of the effect of runoff from construction, sewage treatment plant discharges and other sources. Total solids affect water clarity and will be higher in highly mineralized water, which result in unsuitability for many applications. As a result regular monitoring of total solids are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment processes and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent …show more content…
(iii) Desiccator
(iv) Drying oven: Drying oven with thermostatic control for maintaining temperature up to 180 0 ± 2 0 C.
(v) Analytical digital balance: 200g capacity and capable of weighing to adjacent 0.1 mg
Procedure:
(a) Neat the clean evaporating dish to 180 0 C for one hour. Cool, desiccate, weigh and store in desiccator until ready for use.
(b) Sample analysis:
(i) Stir volume of sample with a magnetic stirrer or shake it vigorously.
(ii) Take the well mixed sample in a 100 ml measuring cylinder.
(iii) Transfer the sample to pre-weighed dish and evaporate to dryness on a drying oven at low temperature to approximately 2ºC below boiling to prevent splattering.
(iv) Dry evaporated sample for at least 1-2 hour in an oven at 103 0C – 105 0C to constant mass.
(v) Cool dish in desiccator and weigh immediately after taking dish from desiccator.
Calculation: (A – B) Total Solids (mg/l) = ----------------------- X 1000 Sample taken (ml)
where: A = Weight of dried residue + dish (mg) B = Weight of dish
4. Pour about 300mL of tap water into the beaker. Set up a hot-water bath using a hot plate, retort stand, and thermometer clamp. Alternatively, use a Bunsen burner, retort stand, ring clamp, thermometer clamp, and wire gauze.
one gram of water by 1ºC. I chose to use water because it is safe,
Plan 1. Collect 4 different sized beakers 2. Boil some water in the kettle 3. Pour 50ml into each beaker 4. After 1 minute check temperature 5.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Rinse your beaker thoroughly to wash any excess powder. 12. Repeat steps 7-11 3 more times for reliability. To make sure the temperature still stays hot by continue heating the water a little bit using the hot plate. 13.
7.) After you have heated them to the right temperatures, pour the excess water into a dry evaporating dish. ( Be sure not to get any of the substance in your solution. )
The organic substance is composed of carbon and commonly in combination with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus, or other elements (Sanferstein, 2011, Pg 123). Inorganic substances are a compound not based on carbon or it can encompass other known chemicals. In order to classify both compounds they must be classified according to what physical form it takes. Saferstein lists the three forms that fall under: solid, liquid, and gas. “A solid is rigid and therefore has a definite shape and volume. A liquid also occupies a specific volume, but its fluidity causes it to take the shape of the container in which it is residing. A gas has neither a definite shape nor volume, and it will completely fill any container into which it is place” (2011, Pg. 120). Chromatography, spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry are used to identify or compare organic materials. As explained by Saferstein “Chromatography is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixtur...
In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.
== § Test tubes X 11 § 0.10 molar dm -3 Copper (II) Sulphate solution § distilled water § egg albumen from 3 eggs. § Syringe X 12 § colorimeter § tripod § 100ml beaker § Bunsen burner § test tube holder § safety glasses § gloves § test tube pen § test tube method = == = =
3. Why are the crucible and lid heated at the beginning of the experiment before being weighed?
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
The mixture was then cooled. Vacuum filtration was then performed on the mixture. This was done by carefully rinsing the precipitate mixture over moist, pre-weighed filter paper into a Büchner flask under vacuum. The residue was then moistened with ethanol while the flask was still under vacuum. The residue and filter paper were placed on a pre-weighed watch glass and weighed. They were then placed in a drying oven for about fifteen minutes and then reweighed. They were reweighed after a further five minutes in the oven and then again after another five minutes, so as to ensure the precipitate had been fully dried.
Since the days of Aristotle, all substances have been classified into one of three physical states. A substance having a fixed volume and shape is a solid. A substance, which has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, is a liquid; liquids assume the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill it. A substance having neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume is a gas; gases assume both the shape and the volume of their container. The structures of gases, and their behavior, are simpler than the structures and behavior of the two condensed phases, the solids and the liquids
Remove the extra solvent on a steam bath under a hood while flushing the flask with N2 gas, leaving the crude extract. Weigh extract.
Solid waste can be classified in different types, depending on their source, household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste or hospital waste as infections waste. It quite obvious that South Africa environment is deteriorated by the illegal dumping area that around here. Solid waste is a major problem this country is facing at the moment. The province that is experience this major problem is Gauteng province, this an urban area am taking about, and since it’s clear that over population is the cause of the problem. Gauteng province is an over populated than rural area .solid waste pollution is refuse or garbage that people use in their everyday life in their house, such as plastic