Immunohistochemistry is a technique that involves the use of antibody-antigen interactions in order to identify cellular and tissue constituents. One way this can be done by labelling known antibodies with enzymes which produce a coloured product after reacting and then monitoring the sample to see whether a reaction has taken place. In immunohistochemistry, the preservation of the antigenic determinants, also known as epitopes, and binding sites is vital in order to ensure that an accurate result is obtained. However, tissue samples need to go through various processes in a pathology laboratory before they are ready for testing and some of these processes can alter the structure of the epitopes so it’s important to consider this when choosing reagents in order to reduce the risk of this happening.
Tissue samples need to go through fixation before any tests can be carried out on them. This is to ensure that the tissue samples are well preserved; preventing the loss of molecular structure and cellular morphology, to stop autolysis and ensuring any pathogens residing in the tissue are destroyed. The major objective to remember when choosing a fixative is that it must maintain clear and consistent morphological features within the tissues for viewing with a microscope and because of this the most widely used method of fixation is to use 10% neutral buffered formalin as it provides a good view of the morphology within the tissues. Formalin is an aqueous solution that contains approximately 4% formaldehyde and the formaldehyde reacts with itself to produce polymers and methylene bridges which fix the tissues by creating cross links between the proteins in the tissues, and other molecules, such as carbohydrates and fats, are trapped bet...
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...ecognition. Biotech Histochem, 84(5), pp. 223-247
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The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
electrophoresis. The way the PCR method works is by first mixing a solution containing the
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Chernecky, C. C., and B. J. Berger. Laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures. 5. St. Louis MO: W B Saunders Co, 2008. eBook.
...ifiable in any patient with the disease, and provides special information associated with staging or anatomic disease extent. The other attribute that make the antigen an ideal tumor cell maker include the fact that it permits for earlier identification of treatment failure resulting in early salvage treatment.
As it became my hobby to study quite a few microscopic and gross preparations for hours every day. Working under a fine supervision of my pathology professor Dr. Bekhtereva, made me aware of my ability to identify and follow a specific pattern in a slide. My mentor emphasized how important it is to be able to combine this innate visual ability with rigorous scientific
The Merck Manuals. (2008). The Merck Manuals. Retrieved from The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ag/sec07/ch107/ch107b.html
To begin we will look at the integumentary system and its entire multitude of functions. The main components of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves. For the purpose of this paper we will focus mainly on the levels of the skin and their functions. While the integumentary
Though our knowledge of the human body has developed drastically, there will always be more to learn, especially in the field of pathology. In addition to education, this procedure is also used to improve the quality of care that healthcare workers provide for their patients, especially in terms of undetermined diagnoses. Post mortem examinations can help to better identify pathologies, and allow a “hands on” approach that cannot be obtained readily.
= Before conducting the experiment I would conduct a simple test for the protein by placing a sample of the albumen into a test tube and add biurett reagent. This contains copper (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide.
Forensic toxicologists employ a large number of analytical techniques to determine the drugs or poisons relevant to an investigation; the capacity of a laboratory to conduct routine toxicological analysis varies depending upon equipment, technical capability and analyst experience. When needed, there are specialty toxicology labs that can test for almost any potential toxin or metabolite in almost every kind of post-mortem sample. A laboratory should be accredited to perform the analytical work and must be subject to regular inspections. This will ensure that laboratories can reproduce accurate and reliable results for investigations. All laboratory tests conform to standard operating procedures, results are confirmed to meet standards, and reported results are peer reviewed by a second toxicologist before being released. Even so, we still use methods that Gettler used in his
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.
The Draize test has become virtually outdated because of the development of a synthetic cellular tissue that closely favors human skin. Researchers can experiment the likely damage that a product can do to the skin by using this artificial skin instead of experimenting on animals. Another substitute to this test is a product called Eyetex. This synthetic material turns nontransparent when a product damages it, closely favoring the way that a real eye acts to harmful substances. Technology such as computers have been used to exhilarate and calculate the potential damage that a product or chemical can cause, and human tissues and cells have been used to analyze the effects of damaging products. All of these experiments have been proven to be useful and dependable substitutes to testing substances on live animals. Therefore, the testing of potentially deadly substances is inexplicably
The use of Animals in medicine is considered to be one of the most important things for the advancement in medical rese...