COX-1 and COX-2 are isomeric enzymes that contain peroxidase and cyclooxygenase activity which can produce prostaglandins through the activity of prostaglandin G/H synthases [10]. COX-1 produces prostanoids which serve cell “housekeeping” functions. COX-2 can be activated by inflammatory stimuli and produces prostanoids in inflammatory or proliferative diseases such as cancer. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are competitive inhibitors of COX. Thus the binding of NSAIDs can supress prostanoid formation [11].
3.1 Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1)
COX-1 inhibitors are present in kidney, stomach, duodenum, lunch, jejunum, colon and ileum [12]. COX-1 is responsible for the production of cytoprotective prostaglandins and are made though a fatty
Bryan-Michael Cox is a man born of music. It is in his DNA, infused in his born and sinew. He has a level of understanding about music theory and logic that is far beyond the comprehension of the modern day "music scholar" and surpasses the knowledge of any experienced teacher of the musical arts. Bryan-Michael Cox is in his own right, a living legend and one who inspires me the most.
In this experiment, both BALB/c and C3H mice are induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). The inflammation is caused by the administration of dextran sodium sulphate to the drinking water of the mice. While azoxymethane induction plays a role in the development to colon cancer. In this project, the development of colon cancer through the inflammation pathway is being researched. The process first starts with the of inflammation foci. Over time, it develops into hyperplasia due to the increasing capacity of cell proliferation.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the currently the leading cause of death globally for both men and women accounting for 21.9 per cent of total deaths and is projected to increase to 26.3 per cent by 2030 . Statins are the treatment of choice for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and in the management of hypercholesterolaemia because of their proven efficacy and safety profile. Evidences are showing their effectiveness in reduction of cholesterol synthesis and number of pleiotropic effects, which may be cholesterol dependent and cholesterol independent. The present review focus on the origin, properties and effects of statins on endothelial function ( non lipid action of statins) through the increase of endogenous production of NO in different pathways.
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
Medication Errors one of the biggest issues happening in an acute care setting today . Although, Medications are given based on the five rights principles: the right patient, right medication, right route, right dose, and right time. Even with the five rights principles medication errors are still happening. However, some of the errors that are occurring are due to poor order transcriptions and documentation, drug interactions, proper drug name and not paying enough attention and environment factors.
The drug does not effect the brain as do other weight loss drugs such as Redux and Phen-fen and Meridia. Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor, meaning it interferes with fat absorption. Dietary fats are large molecules which are broken down by enzymes known as lipases and then absorbed into the body. These digestive enzymes are produced by the liver and pancreas whenever food is injected into the intestine. The enzymes aid in the absorption of nutrients from the food. Orlistat has been designed to act as an inhibitor of two enzymes: pancreatic and gastric lipases. This action reduces the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides and prevents the absorption of free fatty acids and cholesterol (David 1997). One digestive fluid contains pancreatic lipase, which absorbs fat. Orlistat inhibits this lipase causing less fat to be absorbed into the bloodstream. The drug must be consumed right before or within an hour of consuming a meal.
In the cells, obesity leads to the decrease in gut microbia, which in turn will increase the levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA). DCA is able to stimulate senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that has been shown to contribute to cancer development (6). SASP factors have been known to affect cell growth that has to do with inflammation and tumorigenesis promotion. IL-6 and PAI-14,5 have also been shows to increase liver cancer in obese mice (6). In a study done with mice, two different groups were fed different dietary foods. One group was fed a high-fat diet while the other followed a more normal lean die...
Comparing The Sick Equation by Brian patten and Long Distance by Tony Harrison In this essay I am going to compare and contrast 'The Sick Equation' by Brian Patten and 'Long Distance' by Tony Harrison. 'The Sick Equation' is about how two parent's intense arguing and general disrespect for each other had such a damaging effect on their son's thoughts, personality and life as an adult. Stanza one gives us some background information to the poem. The poet mentions the word 'school' in the opening line so we can assume he is between the ages of ten and sixteen.
If a reader is given two short stories, two stories that are seemingly different on the surface, to read and compare and contrast, a surprising amount of similarities and differences can be found. Unless they deal with the same subject matter, most short stories aren't really related, until some analysis is done. The stories "A&P," by John Updike, and "An Ounce of Cure," by Alice Munro, are very similar but very different.
Merck & Co. has to be aware of the economy as with any industry. Within the recession, more and more were looking towards generic substitutes. This can at times not be a problem with patents. However, once a patent is up, a competitor who develops generic versions of Merck’s products becomes a low-cost competitor. However, during the recession from 2008 – 2009, Merck didn’t see any drop in sales. Actually, they were able to keep a continual increase in sales and net income.
Its role is to convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). In the case of cancer, COX2 is upregulated and promotes the conversion of PGH2 to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 stimulates the release and accumulation of -catenin in the cytoplasm, which causes an imbalance. As -catenin accumulates and enters the nucleus, it activates different genes that promotes cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Hence, the upregulation of COX2 promotes tumor cells growth and also stimulates the progression to later stages of
Background Information Aspirin is an analgesic (pain relieving) and an antipyretic drug (a drug that lowers body temperature). The main constituent of aspirin is 2 - ethanoythydroxybenzoic acid, also known as acetylsalicyclic acid (shown below right). It was originally made from just salicylic acid (which is found in the bark of a willow tree) when used by the Ancient Greeks to counter fever and pain, but its bitterness and tendency to irritate the stomach caused problems. These were resolved by the German chemist Felix Hoffman, who made the acetyl derivative of salicylic acid in the
Has there ever been a time where you were very patient, but had every right not to be? Me personally, I’m not a very patient person at all. However, there have been instances where I have been very patient when I usually would not have been. This is a story about a night I spent with my two friends, Jane and Sarah. They both did some things that would normally annoy me, but I was unusually calm through the night.
·Aspirin (salicylic acid acetate) is an anti-inflammatory (decreases swelling and inflammation), anti-pyretic (fever reducing), and anti-platelet (decreases platelets in the body to thin blood). Many heart treatment patients take an aspirin a day to prevent blood clotting. However, if aspirin is taken in large quantities over long periods of time, it may cause gastric ulcers or other internal damage. The molecular formula of aspirin is C9H8O4. Some examples of Aspirin are Bayer, Ecotrin, and Aspergum.
Over the centuries, ancients made use of several treatment methods. Two of them are modern medicine and traditional medicine. Alternative medicine is older than modern one. That effective therapy has used for many centuries on the patience when modern medicine has not occurred in the world. Because it has improved in China, it can be called Traditional Chinese Medicine. In contrast, modern medicine has been in used since 1900’s. In this system, drugs’ testes are done in safety laboratories with care and nicety, and their side effects are located before they are given to the patient. However, sometimes the side effects are not blocked so, people have to take another pill to get better. It makes people to take more chemicals into their bodies. Further, modern medicine has splendid efficacy on the fatal diseases. Even, alternative medicine which people’s ancestors utilized stayed in the background when modern medicine has just found, it works at the present time efficaciously. ****** Therefore, using alternative medicine is more helpful to get better than modern medicine because there are fewer drugs, side effects; there is placebo effect and holistic therapy.