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Understanding the self philosophy
Philosophy about self
Essays on David Hume on personal identity
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In David Hume’s Personal Identity, published in the late 1730s, he rejects the idea of identity over time. He believes there are no persons that continue to exist. They are merely impressions. “Every real idea must arise from some one impression. But self or person is not any one impression, but is rather that to which all our many impressions and ideas are suppose to be related.” (II.iv.6). In other words, Hume believes that ideas are derived from impressions, therefore, “self” is derived from impressions. But there is not on continuous thing. Leading to his theory in which there can’t be only one consistent idea of “self.” Later in the section Hume describes that if self came before impression then the impression would have to exist throughout
one’s life. However, no impression is consistent. He uses the examples of pain and pleasure, grief and joy, etc. It shows that self is created through impressions. An example of how to relate to Hume’s theory of self, think about your “self,” you can’t. When you think of your “self” you are thinking about individual impressions. Such as hate, love, pain, etc. The only thing “you” are is a bundle of impressions, but there is no solid thing called “self.” Hume writes that Locke was accurate when Locke said memory has something to do with “self.” For without memory we could have never inferred causation if there were no memories.
In his 1971 paper “Personal Identity”, Derek Parfit posits that it is possible and indeed desirable to free important questions from presuppositions about personal identity without losing all that matter. In working out how to do so, Parfit comes to the conclusion that “the question of identity has no importance” (Parfit, 1971, p. 4.2:3). In this essay, I will attempt to show that Parfit’s thesis is a valid one, with positive implications for human behaviour. The first section of the essay will examine the thesis in further detail, and the second will assess how Parfit’s claims fare in the face of criticism. Problems of personal identity generally involve questions about what makes one the person one is and what it takes for the same person to exist at separate times (Olson, 2010).
Hume continues to show another contrast between perceptions of the mind which fall under the origin of ideas. For example, there is a distinct difference in feeling the pain of extreme heat from fire and merely remembering the heat or anticipating it by using your imagination. Impressions are sensations, and ideas are memories or imaginations. Hume says that memory and imaginations lack the “force and vivacity” of the sensations, “These faculties may mimic or copy the perceptions of the senses; but they never can entirely reach the force and vivacity of the original sentiment” (Hume 10). All of our ideas come from past impressions and Hume uses the examples of a blind man and a deaf man. Hume shows that th...
In Appendix I., Concerning Moral Sentiment, David Hume looks to find a place in morality for reason, and sentiment. Through, five principles he ultimately concludes that reason has no place within the concept of morality, but rather is something that can only assist sentiment in matters concerning morality. And while reason can be true or false, those truths or falsities apply to facts, not to morality. He then argues morals are the direct result of sentiment, or the inner feeling within a human being. These sentiments are what intrinsically drive and thus create morality within a being.
... but one about reason, that it is not this, but habit, which forms the basis of our beliefs. While it may be the case that denying an empirical fact may not result in a contradiction, Hume seems to be suggesting that it would still be irrational to do so. That abstracting from events to laws is a rational, though inductive, act seems hard to deny. Thus, at best, Hume can only show that it is experience which first provides the matter for reason.
Hume believes that there is no concept of self. That each moment we are a new being since nothing is constant from one moment to the next. There is no continuous “I” that is unchanging from one moment to the next. That self is a bundle of perceptions and emotions there is nothing that forms a self-impression which is essential to have an idea of one self. The mind is made up of a processions of perceptions.
Hume states that “We are naturally constituted to share the emotions of our fellow human beings. The closer our relationship, and the more we resemble each other, the stronger the communication of emotion will...
“Relations of ideas are indestructible bonds created between ideas and all logically true statements and matters of fact are concerned with experience and we are certain of matters of fact through cause and effect“(Hume Section IV). This proves that the both the mind and body are one because of the cause and effect. He believes that there are connections between all ideas in the mind, and that there are three different kinds. The first is resemblance that describes looking at a picture then thinking of what it represents in the picture. Then there is contiguity looking at something then thinking of about something different. Then there is the cause and effect of something happening to you and then to imagine the pain of the wound. Once again beginning able to look at something and then create an idea from it only proves that without senses we couldn’t just come up with an idea out of the blue.
In this essay Hume creates the true judges who are required to have: delicacy of taste, practice in a specific art of taste, be free from prejudice in their determinations, and good sense to guide their judgments. In Hume’s view the judges allow for reasonable critiques of objects. Hume also pointed out that taste is not merely an opinion but has some physical quality which can be proved. So taste is not a sentiment but a determination. What was inconsistent in the triad of commonly held belief was that all taste is equal and so Hume replaced the faulty assumption with the true judges who can guide society’s sentiments.
Hume believes that metaphysical reasoning of all kinds has failed to provide an accurate representation of the natural world. In A Treatise on Human Nature, he concludes that the only unyielding foundation one can give to science must be rested upon experience and observation. Logically, this empirical inquiry should provide knowledge on matters of fact, general conclusions that arise from particular experiences; however, as a radical epistemic skeptic, Hume concurrently argues that reason cannot provide any knowledge of the external world. He finds it “evident that the essence of the mind being equally unknown to us with that of external bodies…must be equally impossible to form any notion of its powers and qualities otherwise than from careful
...s not possible for our knowledge to truly represent what reality really is. He believes that “the only certainty that we can have concerns the relationships of our own ideas. Since these judgments only concern the realm of ideas, they do not tell us about the external world” (p. 108). This means that any knowledge about reality must be based on a posteriori judgments. These judgments are made by Hume because he believes there is no way to have a true reality through knowledge because you only gain knowledge through experience. In conclusion, Hume states that many empiricists discovered that reality is an impossible goal to understand.
...hich only the volley and chaos of those perceptions exist, and any order imposed on those perceptions was arbitrary, human, and without objective foundation. For Hume all human knowledge had to be regarded as opinion and he held that ideas were faint copies of sensory impressions instead of vice - versa. Not only was the human mind less than perfect, it could never claim access to the world's order, which could not be said to exist apart from the mind. Locke had retained a certain faith in the capacity of the human mind to grasp, however imperfectly, the general outlines of an external world by means of combining operations. With Berkeley, there had been no necessary material basis for experience, though the mind had retained a certain independent spiritual power derived from God's mind, and the world experienced by the mind derived its order from the same source.
David Hume, following this line of thinking, begins by distinguishing the contents of human experience (which is ultimately reducible to perceptions) into: a) impressions and b) ideas.
Truth of oneself makes it visible when faced with absurd events in life where all ethical issues fade away. One cannot always pinpoint to a specific trait or what the core essence they discover, but it is often described as “finding one’s self”. In religious context, the essential self would be regarded as soul. Whereas, for some there is no such concept as self that exists since they believe that humans are just animals caught in the mechanistic world. However, modern philosophy sheds a positive light and tries to prove the existence of a self. Modern philosophers, Descartes and Hume in particular, draw upon the notion of the transcendental self, thinking self, and the empirical self, self of public life. Hume’s bundle theory serves as a distinction between these two notions here and even when both of these conception in their distinction make valid points, neither of them is more accurate.
Hume denies rationalism, specifically Descartes, knowledge of self, by stating that truth should be permanent. Something that is continuously changing cannot be known, and cannot be the truth, because it will never be the same as it was previously. Your mind is constantly changing. This yields the questions, is the way the self exists now, five minutes ago, or 3 years from now, the
Therefore many people accuse Hume being inconsistent with his analysis of self. This following passage shows Hume uses the notion self which was rejected by him previously. “The immediate object of pride and humility is self or that identical person of whose thoughts, actions, and sensations, we are intimately conscious.” (2.1.5.3)