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Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism
Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism
Carl rogers theory criticism
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Introduction Humans are constructive, goal orientated and capable of change. The environment plays a facilitating or inhibitory role in the individual’s behaviour. These are Carl Rogers’ three core assumptions when conceptualising his humanistic theory of personality. Rogers believes that people are forward looking and driven to fulfil their potential. The entire theory is built on actualising tendency which is an innate potential that allowed to unfold for optimal person development. To gain a better understanding of this theory, this essay will apply the concepts of the theory on a character by the name of Nina starring in The Black Swan. Analysing Nina’s behaviour, we will look at the relationships between organismic valuing process …show more content…
In one particular scene, against her mother’s wishes, Nina decides to go on a night out with a friend. In response and with the knowledge that Nina has rehearsals the morning after, her mother does not help wake her up on time. Consequently, Nina becomes late for her rehearsal. Based on this, Rogers would argue that there are conditions of worth and conditional positive regard evident. Conditions of worth refers to what the environment requires of an individual to deem them worth of acceptance and love, a phenomenon called conditional positive regard whereby the individual experiences acceptance on …show more content…
In this sense, Nina would thus build the self-concept based on these conditions of worth rather than on organismic valuing process. The organismic valuing process refers to the individual’s feedback system that advances self actualisation. Here, all experiences are evaluated against the actualising tendency. When this system of evaluation is disturbed by the need for positive self-regard, who we really are becomes distorted. Therefore, due to the switch or disturbance of the evaluation system, Nina might find that there is a mismatch between her real-self on the one hand, and the ideal-self on the other, with the ideal-self inconsistent with actual life experience. The difference becomes a source of anxiety, engaging in defence mechanisms to attempt to temporarily reduce and/or try make sense of ideal-self and real-self. If incongruity too extensive the individual’s defences will not hold and be force in reality. The difficulties Nina experienced in taking up the black swan role and thus embody the character in the same manner as she did the white swan, would be one such experience. The incongruity was so defined that it appeared that Nina suffered neurosis of some sort. Nevertheless, her ability to achieve
This essay will explore one of the possible combinations of theories on personality and explain how it can be applied in practical therapy.
Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.” Personality is characterized by many dimensions of a person’s overall being. The belief that personality stems from one origin is small minded and on many levels, unsupported. If the scope of personality is expanded, it suggests that there is not a single explanation determining a person’s personality and how it is formed. Personality Theories have been generated for centuries by individuals who desire to identify what distinguishes a person’s personality and how it affects their behaviors. What is it that comprises all the unique characteristics about a person?
In our society human beings play many different roles in life. There are so many different people and each person has their own personality. When a baby born, the baby doesn’t know anything, and slowly he started to learn and family, parents, culture, society, institutions are huge resources behind his development of being himself. The article by Ryan and Deci (2000)… discussed about self-determination theory, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Self-determination theory represents a broad framework for human motivation and personality. Intrinsic motivation refers to engage in a behavior that gives internal rewards. Extrinsic behavior is driven by external rewards. In this paper I am going to discuss some of my personal experiences and real
In today’s society, one is constantly surrounded by individuals with different behaviors. Some will sacrifice his or her life for a complete stranger. However, there is some individuals who would take advantage of the weak and poor for his or her own personal gain. Now the question arises, what makes human beings behave the way they do? Being the topic of conflict of psychology for years, one usually turns to the nature verses nurture theory for the answer to that question. Some believes that a person is born with a certain personality, others believe it is an individual’s atmosphere that determines his or her attitude, and some even trusts the idea that it is a combination of genes and environment that dictates the conduct of an individual.
These Humanistic theories have had a significant influence on psychology and the pop culture. Many psychologists now accept the idea that when it comes to personality, a person’s subjective experience has more weight than the objective reality. Humanistic psychologists’ today focus on healthy people, rather than troubled people, which has also been a particularly useful contribution. This theories regarding personality have been criticized and a general agreement in regards to some of the qualities involving personality is that almost all theorists can agree that personality should be defined as a unique and individual set of psychological characteristics that each human being possesses.
In this section of the assignment I have chosen to compare a trait theory and a humanistic.
Personality is patterns of thinking, behavior and emotional responses that make up individuality over time. Psychologist attempt to understand how personality develops and its impact on how we behave. Several theories attempt to explain personality, using different approaches. The social-cognitive and humanistic approaches are two of many theories that attempt to explain personality. This essay will identify the main concepts of social-cognitive and humanistic approach, identify perspective differences and discuss approach limitations.
How do you understand Julia’s anxiety and concerns about assertiveness from a person- or client-centered perspective? Use the concepts of organismic valuing process (OVP), incongruence, and conditions of worth (COW) in your answer.
“You can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something- your gut, destiny, life, home, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life” (Steve Jobs, 1955). Throughout all of my 25 years blessed on planet earth, my personality have somewhat been compared to that of a roller coaster, filled with many ups and downs, positives and negatives, rewards and punishments. As such, I have frequently embarked on numerous journeys in a dyer attempt to discover and recollect the shattered fragments left of me. With this being said, the term personality however, could be defined as “the patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are distinctive for each individual” (Tischler, 2007). At the completion of this paper, I intend to achieve answers to some pertinent questions for instance how has the development of personality affected or impacted on human nature. I also hope to discover the various transitions of my personality starting from infancy to present and the reason or motives behind such changes. Finally, I would like to be able to gain an in-depth understanding of a variety of Personality Theories especially the Psychoanalytical Theory of
Allen is an individual motivated by the desire to enhance his life and achieve specific goals. Making him an excellent example of Rogers views on self-actualization. Allen also exhibits distinct characteristics that correspond with concepts in Rogers theory. He displays an organismic valuing process throughout his life as he dreams of attending college and finding a more fulfilling career. Additionally, through Rogers theory we are able to identify key components of Allen’s self-concept; mainly that he feels as if he is not the person people believe him to be. This feeling of inconsistency in perceived self and true self lends itself to Rogers’ concept of incongruence in personality. Allen exhibits all of these characteristics and more based on the limited information provided. Ultimately, Allen identifies his goal as a desire to move forward towards more competency and an enhanced
Psychodynamic, Trait, Behaviorism, and Humanistic are the four major theories of personality. Our personality is our unique characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. These theories each have their own different explanation of how our personalities came to be. They offer an explanation of why we are the way that we are by using factors, drives, characteristics, and experiences.
Alfred Adler directed his attention to searching for immediate results to the issues of the patient. The assumption of Adler’s individual psychology is that social factors and goals for the future are the motivating factors in human behavior. It was Adler’s position that people needed to have a sense or a feeling of belonging and that belonging was tied to their social ties (Ferguson, 2010). Individual psychology also makes the assumption that individuals are conscious of their thoughts and feelings and are personally responsible for how they respond or behave in a given situation (Overholser, 2013). Alfred Adler contributions to the theory of personality centered on the importance of society. Adler felt that as humans, individuals are all connected together and through that
In this essay I will describe the four major theories of personality and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each. The first major theory of personality is psychodynamic which was created by Sigmund Freud. The second major theory of personality is trait or five-factor model which is the most scientifically supported model. The third major theory of personality is humanistic, and Carl Rogers was the best known humanistic theorist. Finally, the fourth major theory of personality is social cognitive which was developed by social learning theorists.
Abraham Manslow, a humanist, developed a hierarchy of needs focused on the study of healthy people and development. Manslow’s theory focused on the development of an individual according to the needs that must be met. An individual has lower level and upper level needs that must be met at each level before the next level is reached on the way to self-actualization; however, if the person does not meet the needs anxiety occurs. The needs must be addressed in a practical manner for self-actualization to be achieved. The humanistic view of personality is based on the belief that an accurate observation of self and the ability reach needs in different stages of development result in self-actualization (Pettijohn, n.d.).
Personality is the expression of a person’s traits according to ones feelings, mentality and behavior. It involves understanding individuals’ traits such as withdrawal and willpower and how various parts of an individual link together to form personality. Personality expresses itself from within an individual and is comparatively regular throughout in an individual’s life. Different people have different personalities dependent on factors such as environment and genetic composition. Our personality is dependent on the success or failure of our development in the eight stages of life. This is proposed by Erik Erikson. Success in the development stages lead to virtues while the failure leads to malignancies.