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How language can develop in human beings
Annotated bibliography on the origin of human language
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The emergence of human language is associated with the Homo sapiens period. This is estimated to be about 200,000 years ago, when this species came into existence. However, the emergence of language was between 30,000 and 100,000 years ago. In explaining the question of where the language emerged, it will be appropriate to focus on the remains of the Homo sapiens who existed between these periods of time. As it will emerge from the discussion, more recent Homo sapiens remains have been unearthed in France, Australia and China. This makes these places to be tentative locations where the human language may have emerged from. The question of how the human language developed will be explained by the evolution and spandrel theories. The former will seek to explain that language developed as a way of responding to ever-changing environment, while the latter holds that brain development was the explanation. In addition to that, the discussion will conclude by stating that the two theories are imperative in explaining how the human language emerged and developed.
When did human language emerge?
The development of human language made it possible to shift from the use of sign languages, and grunts that were associated with the Homo habilis and other predecessors. While this form of language played a significant role during Homo habilis time, the increased complexity in the environment prompted the need for a language that would make communication faster and more accurate. While it is not known when the language emerged, what is clear is that it began with the Homo sapiens. This species lived approximately 200,000 years ago. Nevertheless, the emergence of the language did not take place at this period, but happened later as life became mo...
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...nce.2010 "The Symbolic Species the Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain." Washington Post. 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/symbolicspecies.htm
Hauser, Marc; Noam Chomsky; and W. Tecumseh Fitch. 2002. The faculty of language:
What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science 298.1569-79.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1999. Some possible stages in the evolution of the language capacity,
Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3.272-79.
Marcus, Gary F. 2004"Anthropology: On the Origins of Human Language." Scienceweek.com. 2010. http://scienceweek.com/2004/sa041203-3.htm
Pinker, Steven, and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. The faculty of language: What’s special about it? Cognition 95.210-36.
Pinker, Stephen and Bloom, Paul.2010 "Natural Language and Natural Selection." Illinois.edu. 2010. http://www.isrl.illinois.edu/~amag/langev/paper/pinker90naturalLanguage
The article The Strange Persistence of First Languages by Julie Sedivy was an intriguing and eye-opening piece of writing to read. The concepts she brought to life through her explicit writing revealed many things I had never heard of before. The further I read, the more I wanted to know and the deeper my interest became. As a monolingual, this article was insightful, captivating and ultimately provided me with a new perspective on language.
The prehistoric times stand evidence to the power of language as a tool for communication and growth. Language has proven to be an effective medium and factor surrounding the evolution of man. Language has played a big role in the development of individuals and societies. What is spoken and/or written, help in the initiation of imagination, expression of feelings, and conveyance of thoughts and ideas. “The pen is mightier than the sword” (Bulwer-Lytton 1839).
One of the most revered and utterly enigmatic topics present within humanity is the evolution of humankind itself. Collectively contrasting both the origins of man physically and the very beginning of complex thought processes has been an incredible task, which is currently undetermined. The exact methods of the mind and of human character are both delicate and completely beyond true understanding. The only ways
Hill, Jane H., P. J. Mistry, and Lyle Campbell. The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Berlin [etc.: Mouton De Gruyter, 1998. Print.
Primates and their behavior are used by scientists to estimate the capacities of human ancestors. Since humans and numerous primate species employ vocalizations as their primary means of communication, the vocal aspect of primate behavior has been a principal focus of studies exploring the origins of human language. Studies indicate that in spite of important differences, primate vocalizations exhibit some key features that characterize human language. However, some critical aspects of human speech, such as vocal plasticity, are missing in primate language (Fedurek and
As an instance, in the field of paleolinguistics, Colin Renfrew, in re-examining Proto-Indo-European language and making a case for the spread of Indo-European languages through neolithic Europe in connection with the spread of farming,[11] outlined three basic, primary processes through which a language comes to be spoken in a specific area: initial colonization, replacement and continuous development. From some obvious reasoning he proceeded to some radically new conclusions.
Keil, F. C. and Wilson, R. A. (1999) The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: The MIT Press
Humans have been using written language to communicate ideas with one another since as early as 3200 BCE in Mesopotamia. Since then, every great civilization has had a written language, each with its own unique characteristics. However, it was the writin...
The purpose of this paper to examine the evolution of the human brain that distinguishes them from other species based on the traits that humans possess: such as language, emotional complexity and consciousness. The significance of traits are due to adaptations in humans to promote the survival of our ancestors. Professor Hamilton (2012) discusses that the evolution of the human brain starts with the idea of the Triune brain, proposed by MacLean, whereby the human brain is made up of three parts: Reptilian, Paleo-mammalian, and Neo-mammalian. Animals with the neo-mammalian brain have a more complex brain compared to the other parts, since this is where the neocortex evolved. Humans essentially have this higher brain function which is responsible for our ability to think, make decisions, promote agency, and the ability to relate with each other. This concept fits into the evolutionary process since it shows how the complex the brain has become through evolutionary processes. In essence, as humans, we “have a rich, evidence-based understanding of our behavior that can lead us to plan to be ‘better’ or ‘more successful’ people” according to Professor Hamilton (2012). Thus, shows how evolution plays a significance in understanding human behavior and comparing humans with other species.
The human intellect is widely understood to be that which distinguishes us from other animals. Mayr tells us that the rapid brain expansion that took place in Australopithecines and early Homo is correlated with two factors; a change in hominids niche, moving from the trees to bush savanna, and the development of speech. (p 252) This essay attempts to summarize some current explanations of the relationships between language and the brain in human evolution, and relate them to another characteristic of humans correlated with the human intellect- our social complexity.
In this paper the writer is going to present an overview of the field of neurolinguistics which is the study of the mental faculties involved in the perception, production, and acquisition of language. In other words, the neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.
Singleton, D. (1999). Exploring the Second Language Mental Lexicon (p. 178, 236). London: Cambridge University Press.
Language is an essential thing needed to communicate and to develop the skills one needs to be a complete, whole, intelligent individual. Language is what separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Here we shall define language and lexicon, evaluate the key features of language, describe the four levels of language structure and processing, and analyze the role of language processing in cognitive psychology.
Have you ever wondered who taught you to talk the way you do? People learn to talk and express themselves everyday of their lives. Starting from the day you were born you used language or some form of it to communicate with those around you. As a baby you usually show your displeasure with your new surroundings by crying, and if you don’t the doctor will make sure you do. Everyday we express our point of view to others in some form of language. Whether it is through verbal communication, written discourse or through body language, you can tell if a person is upset, angry, or happy. We as human beings don’t realize how much language has to do with our lives. How can you determine if one of your friends is angry with you? Is there a different tone to their voice? Do they have a stern look on their face? Of course they do, your friend feels the need to express their anger to you by these different forms of language. Where do we learn to use these different forms of language? How are our uses of these languages shaped? The three main contributing factors to how we express ourselves through language come from our schooling, our friends, and most of all from our families.
Chomsky, N. (2000). Knowledge of language: Its mature, origin and use. In R. J. Stainton (Ed.), Perspectives in the philosophy of language: A concise anthology (pp. 3-44). Peterborough: Broadview Press.