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Cloning of humans and mammals
Human cloning debate essay
Implications of human cloning
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Human Cloning is Murder
Think of walking down the street in thirty years and running into an exact replica of yourself. Is it your twin? No, you don't have a twin; it is your clone. Your biological makeup could have been cloned as an embryo and raised separately as an experiment. Cloning has been going on without much controversy for years. But, ever since the successful cloning in Scotland of the Finn Dorset sheep, Dolly on July 5, 1996, the subject has been one of much debate. Should we or should we not continue to clone animals, and eventually humans?
The two most popular views are almost obvious; those who believe cloning should be pursued and encouraged, and those who believe that humans should not seek to clone themselves because they feel that is wrong. The two sides are there, but in between lies a large gray area of ethical and moral dilemmas. Questions such as, “Should we clone humans for the human organs they could provide (kind of use them as human 'cattle')?" “Should we draw a line as to the limit of human cloning, if so, where?" and others quickly arise in discussions on human cloning. So, although in essence there are only two major viewpoints, the area dividing them is not clear and contains a dense gray area clouded with ethical and moral dilemmas.
It all started out by curiosity and built itself into a geneticist's way to replicate various genetic materials such as gene segments and cells. When it was discovered that the cells could be reproduced, it eventually led them to think that just maybe a whole organism could be cloned. They worked up to larger and larger organisms and finally Dolly arrived. She was made through a cloning process that generally takes a fair amount ...
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...9, no 10). pp. 65-70.
Dixon, Patrick Dr. "The Genetic Revolution", Kingsway Publications (May 1993). pp. 7-99.
Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy (IEP). Online: http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/ruleutil.htm. April 24, 2000.
MSNBC. Online: http://www.msnbc.com/news/357051.asp (January 13, 2000). February 4, 2000.
National Public Radio News. Online: http://www.npr.org/news/health/980106.cloning.html (January 6, 1998). March 27, 2000.
Roslin Institute Online, Information on Cloning and Nuclear Transfer. Online: http://www2.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/library/research/cloning/cloning.html (April 3, 2000), April 4, 2000.
University of Hawaii News Release. Online: http://www.hawaii.edu/ur/News_Releases/NR_July98/cloning.html (July 22, 1999), April 3, 2000
Ursery, Danney, Handout: Ethical Analysis and Moral Reasoning Overview (Summer 1999). pp. 10.
Ta-Nehisi Coates, author of the article “The Case for Reparations” presents a powerful argument for reparations to black African American for a long time of horrendous injustice as slavery plus discrimination, violence, hosing policies, family incomes, hard work, education, and more took a place in black African American’s lives. He argues that paying such a right arrears is not only a matter of justice; however, it is important for American people to express how they treated black African Americans.
According to Jim Meyers, in "Righting the Wrongs of Slavery," reparations for slavery wouldn't solve anything. He claims that it would just put an even bigger rift between white and black Americans. He argues that "white bitterness would be inescapable" and that white Americans would feel as though they owned everything that black Americans obtain with the reparations. He also poses the questions that many of the articles for and against reparations pose: Who will receive these reparations and who will have to pay them? Is it just based on skin color? Will all black Americans receive reparations even if they aren't descents of slaves or will they look at every Americans genealogy to discover who is and who isn't? What about white Americans who aren't descents of slave holders? Will Irish immigrants who came to this country in the 1920's have to pay these reparations? It's really hard to draw the line. The battle seems like a hard one to win when there are so many variables that can't be ignored.
For 246 consecutive years, blacks have been kidnapped, whipped to death, mutilated, and raped. From 1619 to 1865, these generations of slave families were living as property rather than human beings. History would agree that the crimes done against these set of selected people do not compare to those of other races. Many people don’t know that there were sex slave farms that practiced a process known as “buck breaking”. “Buck breaking” was when a slave master would bind and whip his male slave for defiance. Then this master would proceed to rape the slave in the presence of all other slaves. It has been 151 years since such horrific tragedies, and the ruined descendants of these slaves have yet to be given reparations. Reparation is defined as “the act of making amends, offering expiation, or giving satisfaction for a wrong or injury”
Although the talk of reparations of slavery has been in discussion for over a hundred years, it is beginning to heat up again. Within these discussions, the issue of the form of reparations has been evaluated and money has been an option several times. However, reparations in the form of money should not be obtained for several reasons. Firstly, it is not a solution to the problem, secondly monetary reparations have the ability to worsen discrimination, thirdly, who gets paid, and how is it regulated, and lastly, the money can be misused. Many have tried to use money on several occasions to help or solve a situation, however this has been noted to be not very effective.
In this day and time the world is heavily concerned with political and social corrective ness, thus everyone is catered too and no money changes hands. The idea and arguments of paying reparations to the descendants of slaves has been in the American media and courthouses since the English barrister James Grahame published a groundbreaking book in 1850 setting the first claim for reparations in the United States. It is no surprise that these allegations arose so soon after the abolishing of slavery at the culmination of the Civil War. Free blacks and enslaved blacks are accredited with building a nation on their backs, that is not so; America was built on the backs of the heroic men who served in the American Revolution and the victorious soldiers who reconciled a broken country after the Civil War. Reparations cannot be paid to those whom it is not owed.
Imagine you’re young, and alone. If your family was taken from you and suffered horribly for your freedom, would you want to be repaid in some form? In the article “The Case for Reparations” Ta-Nehisi Coates discusses a great deal of information about reparations, and if they should be given. Reparations are when a person or people make amends for the wrong they have done. Ta-Nehisi believes that from two hundred years of slavery, ninety years of Jim Crow laws, sixty years of separate but equal, and thirty five years of racist housing policy, that America is shackled. Only if we face the compounding moral debt can America be free. Until we face the reality of what happened together, we will always be bound by the lies that have been told.
First of all, reparations for the descendants of slaves are hard to justify with all the complications that follow. One objection to reparations is the large majority of Americans that are not descendants of slaves or slave owners. Numbers of Americans ...
...ican and Japanese Americans communities have both filed many lawsuits for reparations but to no avail. Japanese Americans worked to educate the community about the injustices and inhumanities suffered by the Japanese during World War II. The African American community held conferences and symposiums to bring awareness to the issue on college campuses. Public awareness brought attention to the injustices suffered by Japanese and African Americans at the hand of the United States Government. The fight for reparation in both the Japanese and African American community should help to open dialogue regarding reparations in the United States.
Currently, it would be less likely for the U.S. government to take any action on the issue of slavery. Besides funding reasons, there is also the fact that reparations may bring more racially diversifying programs into affect. The citizens and government of the U.S. have continuously worked towards equality and diminished racial discrimination. Affirmative action is a state program that has created benefits for multiple ethnicities. Singling out descendents of African Americans slaves with reparations would create a bigger distinction than just differences of race, but also that they are the sole minority receiving compensation because they are a certain color. Government is suppose to take a stand on this issue, because it is covered under civil rights, but because is not an ongoing issue, it will not be attended to. Making a decision for reparation based on skin color is solely a racial issue that government will not take sides on.
Before I discuss how we should pay reparation, I will discuss why reparations are necessary in the first place. A couple reasons why America should
Miller, Henry I. "Genetically Modified Foods Have Numerous Benefits and No Known Risks." Genetic Engineering. Ed. Noël Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "When Technophobia Becomes Toxic." 2012.Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 3 May 2014
Last of all, Cloning is not ethical, many religious groups look down upon cloning and think it’s not proper because they think it’s like playing God. Many scientists were mainly thinking about cloning animals and, most likely, humans in the future to harvest their organs and then kill them. “Who would actually like to be harvested and killed for their organs?” “Human cloning exploits human beings for our own self-gratification (Dodson, 2003).” A person paying enough money could get a corrupt scientist to clone anybody they wanted, like movie stars, music stars, athletes, etc (Andrea Castro 2005),” whether it be our desire for new medical treatments or our desire to have children on our own genetic terms (Dodson, 2003).
Let’s first address who would pay these reparations. In Ta-Nehisi Coates’ “The Case for Reparations,” he had this to say,
Can you imagine a world where everyone looked the same and had the same DNA? This could become true due to the advances in science in the field of cloning. We are coming into an age where scientists have started cloning non-human mammals as well as fish. Soon, they will want to start cloning humans. Since human cloning is so dangerous, unethical, and too expensive for reproductive purposes, it should be illegal.
With each passing moment, my heart seems to yearn for our reunion with even greater ardor, despite my prior belief that my love for you had already reached the zenith of human emotion. Over the course of our long and painful separation, I have experienced and endured more than I ever thought I would within the vicinity of my time on this earth, and have been forced to drastically revise my interpretations of both pure bliss and anguish.