How Did Lillian Wald Do That Was So Effective In Saving Lives

Review Questions for 132 Final

1. What did Lillian Wald do that was so effective in saving lives?

Lillian Wald invented the term 'public health nurse,' which she used to describe her new form of nursing associated with helping the poor. She was the originator of the Visiting Nurse Service in New York City. It’s important to note that her idea of the 'public health nurse” were used by the New York Board of Health to develop the first public nursing system in the world. She also played a major role in pushing for social reform and public health, and she campaigned for human rights and abolition of child labor. These initiatives saved the lives of the poor and children across the globe.

2. What does saving babies in the world have to do with

population of the planet?
Infant mortality rate is an indicator of the of world’s population health, and saving babies in the world can go a long way in ensuring the planet’s population sustainability. Additionally, it allows for the comparison of health systems and programs worldwide and hence help identify the populations in need of particular attention from health service
3. What was the Sheppard –Towner Act and why was it important?
The Sheppard –Towner Act is a legislation passed by the Congress in 1921, and it’s often considered to be the first social welfare program to be funded by the federal government. It’s also known as the Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act. Sheppard –Towner Act was important because it helped reduce the alarming rates of maternal and infant mortality by providing support for prenatal and infant health care.
4. Who was in charge of the Division of Child Hygiene?
Sara Josephine Baker
5. What was the purpose of the Children’s Bureau?
The Children’s Bureau was established as the first federal agency within the United States Government with the primary purpose of enhancing the reporting of all issues related to the welfare of children and child life regardless of one’s class.
6. What was the SS Act of 1935?
The Social Security Act of 1935 was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in order to establish a system of Federal old-age benefits, for instance, by improving the states’ abilities to aid numerous groups of Americans, such as blind persons, dependent and crippled children, and aged persons. Additionally, it expedited the improvement of maternal and child welfare.
7. What was the Hill-Burton Act? Why was it passed?
This was a United States federal law passed in 1946 by the Congress with the main aim of improving the country’s health care system through the provision of federal grants and guaranteed loans to nursing homes, hospitals, and other health facilities for construction and modernization of the health care system.

The Hill-Burton Act was sponsored by Senator Lister Hill of Alabama and Senator Harold Burton of Ohio.

8. Why were Medicare and Medicaid passed? For whom?

The Medicare and Medicaid programs were passed and signed into law in July 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to help assure health care coverage for virtually all citizens at the age of 65. It helped increase access to health insurance by the elderly.

9. What do these acts have to do with the health care crisis?

Various acts that have been passed into law throughout the history of the US healthcare system played a major role in the health care crisis, particularly by increasing government’s expenditure in the health care system.

10. What is the health care crisis? Causes of the crisis?

Health care crisis basically refers to a difficult situation that makes the health care system complex, or rather its ability to deliver high quality care in an equitable manner. Causes of the crisis include poor policy implementation, disparity of quality care and instability in hospital

costs.
11. Examples of solutions to the health care crisis?
The best solutions to the health care crisis include increasing transparency in the health care system, proper policy implementation, setting standards for quality care and insurance coverage, identification of the trade-offs on services as well as the combination of private and public funding.
12. What are primary versus secondary preventions?
Primary prevention involves protecting people from experiencing an injury or developing a disease through education or legislation, immunization, and control of potential hazards. On the other hand, secondary prevention comprises of interventions taken after illness, or after diagnosis to slow the progress of disease or injury. Secondary prevention interventions include recommending regular medical examinations and provision of the most suitable modified work for injured workers,
13. Why will preventing premature deaths not solve the health care crisis?
The prevention of premature deaths will not solve the health care crisis because it’s not the primary cause of health care crisis. Addressing issues associated with funding and equitable distribution of care should be addressed. Additionally, children are not the only affected population.
14. Examples of “Ecology” legislation? “Toxics” legislation? “Global” Legislation?
The best examples of “Ecology” legislation include the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Water Pollution Control Act and the Endangered Species Act. The best examples of “Toxics” legislation comprise of the Toxic Substances Control Act and Clean Water Act. “Global” legislation examples include the Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations sponsored Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Treaty of Rome
15. Potential global environmental health problems?
Potential global environmental health problems include skin cancer, carbon monoxide poisoning, intestinal illness, Malaria, cholera and typhoid.
16.

What led to the creation of federal OSHA? What do the letters OSHA represent? What is the California occupational health agency?

OSHA was created to promote workplace safety by reducing incidences of injury, illnesses and death in the workplace. OSHA stands for the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The California occupational health agency is an agency designed to protect employees from health and safety hazards in their places of work in California

17. What is MSDS? Why does it exist?

MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet. It’s a document that highlights key information or data related to potential hazards ranging from health hazards to environmental hazards, as well as how to work safely with chemical products. It is useful as it guides use, storage, handling and emergency procedures associated with the hazards of the materials for complete health and safety program.

18. What did Bhopal India have to do with US health and safety?

The lesson learned from the Bhopal in India have greatly impacted on the US health and safety in terms of legal response and the health effects related to the exposure to disasters. Additionally, Bhopal India facilitated the development and implementation of frameworks for dealing with industrial hazards and toxic

contamination.
19. What are the top three causes of the top reported US deaths?
i) Heart disease
ii) Cancer
iii) Chronic lower respiratory disease
20. How can they be prevented?
These causes of death can be prevented by characterizing and monitoring the trends related to their causes, identifying the individuals at risk, the provision reliable surveillance data for program and policy decisions in health care.
21. What is the Health Promotion Agenda (in detail)?
The Health Promotion Agenda basically refers to a health promotion foundation that seeks to explore new ways for dealing with major health issues that are facing us nowadays. It focuses on outlining what will be done to improve the quality of health care in the United States and other parts of the world. Additionally, it highlights the vision for the coming years by creating an health system that can be enjoyed by everyone for better health.
22. What is meant by “opportunity costs”?
Opportunity cost refers to the cost of an alternative forgone, or rather the benefits linked to the pursuance of an alternative action.
23. What are some “externalities” associated with burning coal for electricity?
i) Air pollution (coal dust)
ii) Global warming (climate change)
iii) Thermal pollution
24. What is meant by “ecological footprint”?
Ecological footprint ascribes to the impact of an individual or a community on the environment, and is often expressed as the quantity of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
25. Is reform possible?
Healthcare reform is possible, but it requires proper implementation health care policies that seek to improve the ability of the health care system to deliver high quality and equitable care.