Hockey Sticks: The Best Composite Materials For Hockey Sticks

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4.0 DISCUSSION
The best composite materials for hockey stick are Kevlar and carbon fiber. The different grade of Kevlar is available such as Kevlar K-24, Kevlar K-49, Kevlar K-100, Kevlar K-119, Kevlar K-129, Kevlar AP and Kevlar KM2 for hockey sticks (DuPont, 2012). As example, Kevlar K-24:
The mechanical properties of Kevlar K-24 based on thermal effect on tensile strength, young modulus and tensile strain. The reason Kevlar has high tensile strength and high tensile modulus is bonding interface between fibre and matrix was not strong enough to transfer stress between fibres and matrix. The other was that the fibres were damaged when exposed either intentionally or accidentally to thermal environments during the fabrication process or while in use, which caused degradation of the fibre properties(C,Y.Yue et al., 2000). The effects of thermal exposure on the tensile properties have been noted by several researchers. Hindeleh and Abdo have studied the effect of thermal exposure on Kevlar fibres when exposed to a controlled atmosphere of nitrogen gas at temperatures above 150°C for a duration of 15 min. Parimala & Vijayan have extended the study on Kevlar-49 fibres in an uncontrolled atmosphere of air at temperatures up to 350°C for heating duration from 0.5 to 260 h.

Figure 4.1 :Average single-fibre tensile strength for as-received and heat-treated Kevlar-29 fibres under different gauge lengths. The number marks on the columns indicate the gauge lengths. (C.Y.Yue et al., 2000).

Figure 4.2 :Average single-fibre tensile strain for as-received and heat-treated Kevlar-29 fibres under different gauge lengths. The number marks on the columns indicate the gauge lengths. (C.Y.Yue et al., 2000).

Figure 4.3: Average single-fibre ten...

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...key sticks.
There are many types of grips using in field hockey such as rubber composition grip, cord grips, synthetic grip, leather grip, elastomeric grips, and air cushion grip. In addition, using chamois grip (chamois leather) is the best material for enclose the hockey stick handle. Why using leather grip it’s called “best of the best” but almost extinct? This is because expensive cost, and extended time required to produce its. Chamois leather is made up from sheepskin or lambskin where the grain is removed and tanned by marine fish oil. What makes chamois leather so special? As in daily life, the leather is used to rubbing down the fogged on windscreen on a cold day, cleaning and waxing As its natural product, the pores can stretch and expand to fit the water absorption and also synthetic leather replicate to make same as natural leather (Halpin, C. ,2010).

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