THE HOMOPHILE YEARS (1940s-60s – WWII, Cold War, McCarthyism):
1940s
· Growth in the urban subculture of gay men and lesbians.
· Government and police harassment, persecution, and investigation of gays.
1950s-1960s
· The homophile movement remained small and relatively marginalized.
End of 1960s
· Rise of activism + “Gay is good”
· Reformist goals:
ü decriminalization of homosexual acts,
ü equal treatment and equal rights under the law,
ü dissemination of accurate,
ü “unbiased” information about homosexuality.
· Achievements:
ü right to publish gay and lesbian magazines,
ü first employment discrimination cases won,
ü constraints on police harassment,
ü dialogue opened in the scientific and religious communities,
ü media visibility,
ü organizational impulse,
ü denunciation of how gays and lesbians are a mistreated, persecuted minority.
· Problems: Society’s hostility against homosexuals and the penalties attached to exposure.
STONEWALL AND THE EMERGENCE OF RADICAL GAY LIBERATION
(1969-e1970s):
June 1969
· Stonewall Riot ð Symbol of a new militance. Result: a radical mass movement.
Early 1970s
· Gay Liberation Front (GLF): Radical gay and lesbian activism.
· Influences: civil rights movement, Black Power movement, white student movement, antiwar movement, and feminism.
· Goals:
ü Attack of the systemic oppression of gays and lesbians.
ü Analysis of gay oppression and sexism.
ü Making common cause with “all the oppressed” and commitment to a larger project of political change.
ü Public demonstrations and emphasis on visibility.
· Achievements:
ü New rhetoric of pride and affirmation.
ü Political, social, and cultural organizations that helped build a movement and a community.
ü Public affirmation of homosexual identity (coming out in public).
· Problems: Employment discrimination, arrests, political conservatism, economic entrenchment, and lack of attention to sexism and racism.
A GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1970s):
· Reformative politics: Rather than try to destroy the old in order to build something new, they sought recognition and inclusion in American society.
ü Gay Activist Alliance (GAA).
ü From liberation to activism.
· Emphasis on coming out and gay rights. They expected and demanded acceptance for who they were.
· Militant and angry protests.
· Language of pride and self-affirmation; rejection of mainstream cultural views of homosexuality.
· Single-issue organizations, completely gay-focused, with clearly specified structures and processes.
· Goals: ending job discrimination, media invisibility, church and military discrimination.
· Achievements:
ü 1973 ð the American Psychiatric Association eliminates homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
ü less discrimination and harassment,
ü greater visibility,
ü new economic opportunities for gay-oriented businesses (bars, bathhouses, discos, restaurants, etc.
When looking back at the history of jazz, there are two figures who greatly affected the development of the genre and shaped it into more of what we know today. These two are Bix and the Great “Satchmo”. They both have many aspects about them to compare and contrast, including popularity, style background and even race. Louis Armstrong rose to astronomical stardom and is one of the most polarizing figures in the history of jazz music. Inspiring and entertaining millions of people across the world, Louis touched so many people and became one of the biggest celebrities in the entire planet. Almost in direct contrast, Bix Beiderbecke had a very promising and influential career but was only appreciated by few during his time. Bix and his unique
University of South Carolina, 2004. Pearson Education. Info please. Almanacs: “Key Events in Women’s Rights Movement” 2005 31 March 2005. Wohlpart, Jim.
The citizens and leaders of the reform movements realized that without action, these movements would be nothing (DOC G). So many of them decided to step out and stand up for their cause. Without these important American leaders, our nation would not have grown into the nation it is today. Through their determination and sacrifice, they made a huge difference in expanding America’s democratic ideals by laying the foundation for religion and education, movements through abolition and temperance acts, expanding beliefs by caring for the insane, and taking a stand for personal rights.
Coral reef is one of seawater features that have been affected by climatic changes. This has led to destruction through coral bleaching and increased mortality, especially due to the warming of the sea that causes an increase in sea water levels (Bakerl, Glynn & Riegl, 2008). An increase in global temperature also increases ocean acidification (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). These occurrences destroy reefs resulting in a significant drop in other sea organisms that depend on the reef. This implies that climatic changes are among the most destructive environmental elements affecting coral reef population in the world. To understand how climatic changes affect coral reef population, it is important to consider different ecological processes that occur due to climatic changes, the most common being the rise in global temperatures.
The background of homosexuality in the 1940’s and 50’s was harsh, but people started to be opened toward the rights. There were criticisms toward homosexuality in the early days of Milk. Gay men carried the labels of mentally ill or psychopathic. Often times, gay men committed suicide from harsh judgement and criticism that always followed them. Even though population of homosexuality grew and had jobs, they were harassed and beaten by the police. There were a lot of disapproval and hostility of homosexuality. Anita Bryant, a singer, made a campaign to oppose the rights of homosexuals. Christian forces and activists withdrew gay-right legislation which lead to Proposition 6. The harshness from background of homosexuality back in the 1940’s and 50’s took the freedom away from the homosexuals. After the harshness, there came a little bit of hope for the homosexuals in San Francisco. Castro, a city in San Francisco, became the center of gay neighborhood. In 1964, gay men formed Society of Individual Right (SIR), and 1,200 members joined. Homosexuals started having good views when Sipple who was gay saved the president from a gunshot. Finally in 1972, Board of Supervisor banned the discrimination law for homosexuals. Even though in 1940...
“People complained of the brown water. There were boil-water advisories after the water was found to have E. coli contamination, and the drinking water also had unsafe levels of a chlorine byproduct” In April 2014 Flint changed it’s water source, from Detroit water and sewerage department water to the Flint river. However, in the process the officials failed to apply the corrosion inhibitors which lead to flint’s water to be contaminated. Which, contains lead that causes a lot of health problems now in flint.
Parts of the Great Barrier Reef are over 18 million years old. During this time sea levels have changed, with the Great Barrier Reef being left high and dry during the last ice age, turning into grassy plains. Sea levels rose as ice caps melted around 12 000 years ago, allowing corals to reestablish on old remnant reefs. It is the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem. The Great Barrier Reef is home to 1500 species of fish, 400 species of coral, 40000 species of Mollusk, 500 species of sea weed 215 species of birds, 16 species of sea snake and 6 species of turtle. However over time this diversity is rapidly decreasing, it is vital that the Great Barrier Reef is protected.
Harry Hay is considered the founder of the Modern Gay civil rights movement. History also apparently tells he had strong involvement and ties to the Communist party and the labor union advocate. He also created the Mattachine Society, and a gay spiritual cult group called he “The Radical Faeries”. These are just some of the components that make up he man we call Harry Hay in history.
Flint, Michigan is in a state of emergency, but help isn’t coming fast enough. The seepage of toxic lead into drinking water pipes has created a widespread public health crisis which has prompted President Obama to declare a federal state of emergency. The problem can be traced back to 2014 when the city started to use the Flint River as its primary water source. Flint was in need of an alternative water source until its connecting pipe to the Karegnondi Water Authority (KWA) was complete, so the city switched over to the Flint River. As soon as the transition was made, citizens started to notice discoloration in their water as well as a foul smell. In a summary of the crisis in Flint, the New York Times stated, “the switch was made as a cost-saving
Flint, Michigan, began getting water from Lake Huron and the Detroit River in 1964. Today’s water pipes were installed from 1901-1920 and were made of iron. During this time, iron was a popular product and very cost-effective. The lead in the water pipes leaked into the water supply, but chemicals kept it at acceptable regulatory lead levels. Due to economic downfalls caused by the loss of a huge auto industry known as General Motors, Flint, Michigan, led to ongoing budget problems. Governor Snyder appointed a series of four emergency managers to control the budget. Governor Snyder also sent 28 million dollars to help cover the cost of medical care, supplies, and infrastructure upgrades. The last manager developed a plan to switch the water
The reactions of American society have varied towards Homosexuality, as evidenced from the Victorian Era, the 1960s, and the 1990s. In the Victorian era, lacking a name for the term, same sex relationships were not opposed as long as it did not interfere with the heterosexual marriage. In the 1960s, homosexuality was perceived by some of the radical feminists as a political move, and embraced by them, while the moderate feminists opposed it, arguing that they it was a threat. In addition, in the 1992 election, the Democrats and the Republicans became divided over it, with the Republicans attacking homosexuality and the Democrats initially defending them, only to cause gay rights lose more ground with the DOMA (Friend, 470). As Homosexuality
The Flint Water Crisis started in 2014 when officials decided to use water from the Flint River while building a pipeline that would supply water at a later time. This decision was not based on what was best for the residents in Flint, Michigan, but about saving money for a city that was in a financial turmoil. Immediately after the switch from Lake Huron in Detroit to the Flint River, residents started having complaints of smell and taste. It was later discovered that the new water source was delivering high levels of lead in the drinking water. Which eventually led to “President Obama declaring it a federal state of emergency in January 2016” (Durando, 2016).
Many people shared this opinion in the early 20th century, before its classification as a mental illness was removed in 1973. The notion of homosexuality being a mental illness was disproved earlier, in 1956, in a study by Evelyn Hooker. The study, called "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual," proved that there was no mental health difference between a group of straight and gay men, thus disproving the idea that homosexuality was a mental disorder. In fact, it is more than likely that those in conversion therapy will develop a mental illness as a result of the psychological torture they are put through.
The LGBTQ community has always existed in society, however it fluctuated in its prevalence and acceptance throughout the 20th century. Prior to the 1920s numerous accounts were given stating that being homosexual was a concealed topic, it was not discussed, and if the topic of being gay or lesbian was brought up it could lead to imprisonment or a ruined life for the individual. Similarly, before the 1920s in the U.S. the LGBTQ community couldn’t even be referred to by their preferred sexual identities but as “temperamental” instead, which solidified the lack of support for their community. Reaching the 1920s it became slightly easier for gays to come out amongst other gay people in the LGBTQ community but coming out publicly was still unheard of. The male gay community had to use certain code words and dress a certain way in order to conceal their sexuality.
The Great Barrier Reef is located in North East Australia off the coast of Queensland. It is world renowned for its stunning scenery and its flora and fauna diversity, it has also been acknowledged as one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Great Barrier Reef stretches across 344400km2 and includes thousands of individual reefs and hundreds of islands which are occupied by around 600 types of hard and soft coral, around 1625 varieties of fish, 3000 types of molluscs, more than 30 species of whales and dolphins, just to mention a few components that make up The Great Barrier Reefs vast diversity. In order to preserve and protect the unique array of ecological communities, habitats and species of The Great Barrier Reef for future generations