History of the Cell
The word cell was coined by Englishman Robert Hooke (1635-1703), after viewing slices of cork in a microscope. The word cell was derived from the Latin word cella meaning small container.
The microscope created new possibilities in the study biology. It allowed scientists to look into a completely new view of cellular biology. Galileo is credited with the invention of the microscope. Two of the main pioneers in microscope usage were Robert Hooke and Antonie von Leeuwenhoek.
Rene Dutrochet discovered, in 1824, that the cell is the fundamental element in the structure of life. The first sightings of the actual movement of a cell were made by Robert Brown in 1827. Brown also discovered the nucleus in 1833. In Berlin, Johannes Muller made the connection between biology and medicine, others soon followed Muller and his connective thinking. One to follow Muller was Theodore Schwann. Schwann created the idea of the "cell theory" in the 1830's and stated that plants consisted of cells. His statement was made after Matthias Schleiden (1804 - 1881) had decided in 1838 that animals are composed of cells. In 1939 Schwann also stated that all organisms consist of one or more cells, and that the cell is the basic structure for all of life.
German Pathologist by the name of Rudolf Virchow (1821 - 1902) altered the thought of cellular biology with his statement that "every cell comes from a cell.” Not even twenty years after this statement, processes of cell reproduction were being described.
In 1898, Camillo Golgi developed a staining technique using silver nitrate that allows the identification of the cellular organelle that now bears his name, the “Golgi apparatus.” The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing the proteins that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
In 1953 Stanley Lloyd Miller conducted his famous primordial soup experiment. His experiment may have possibly shown how life’s building blocks here on earth may have formed. In the experiment he subjected a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, water, methane, and ammonia to an electric discharge for one week. Instead of him showing everyone that spontaneous generation was possible, his primordial soup showed him that it was not. Miller made sure that there was no oxygen in his design, but all throughout life there has been oxygen present.
One can almost feel the searing penetration of Lewis Thomas’ analytical eye as it descends the narrow barrel of the microscope and explodes onto a scene of vigorous, animated, interactive little cells—cells inescapably engrossed in relaying messages to one another with every bump and bounce; with every brush of the elbow, lick of the stamp, and click of the mouse…
The book draws its name from the first essay, "The Lives of a Cell," in which Thomas offers his observations on ecology and the role of cellular activity. He writes that the "uniformity of the earth's life, more astonishing then its diversity, is accountable by the high probability that we derived, originally, from some single cell, fertilized in a bolt of lightning as the earth cooled" (3).
Zielinski, Sarah. "Henrietta Lacks ' 'Immortal ' Cells." Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 11 Nov.
The primordial Soup theory was discovered in 1920. According to the Russian scientist A.I. Oparin and English Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane life started in a warm pond/ocean in a process that took place 3.8 billion years ago. A combination of chemicals made fatty acids which made protein. In this process a molecule was born in the atmosphere. The molecule was energized with lightning and rain making “organic soup”. The first organisms would have to be simple heterotrophs in order to survive.
The next theory that he disproved was the “Primordial Soup Theory”. Sir Fred Hoyle scoffed at the ridiculous atheistic notion when he said, “The notion that a living cell could be arrived at by chance in a primordial organic soup here on earth is evidently nonsense of a high order.” “There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet, nor on any other, and if the beginning of life were not random, life must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence” (Donyes
The Primordial Soup Hypothesis was proposed by biochemist Alexander Oparin in 1924. He claimed that life started in a warm body of water due to a combination of chemicals which led to form amino acids then to form proteins. The evidence that he used was that organic compounds may have endured a sequence of reactions that created more and more complex molecules. An experiment conducted to test this theory was the Miller-Urey Experiment done by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey.
The people of ancient civilization were curious about the study of stem cells. Hindus from the thirteen and fourteen centuries BC knew that the result of the fetus would come from mixing two seeds of the parents (Kelly 16). They weren't the only people who wondered about the studies of stem cells. Greek philosopher named Aristotle was also interested in the study of stem cells so he discovered two very important theories. The two theories were Perfomation and Epigenesis (Kelly 16). According to the theory of Peromation, the fetus grows over time (Kelly 16). In contrast, Epigenesis means tat the fetus begins as a generic mass and then different parts are added to the fetus (Kelly 16).
After conducting an experiment in which Reich believed he had succeeded in developing protozoa from bions, he began to investigate the formation of cancer cells. He believed that cancer cells formed in the same way, and supposedly produced a motion picture in which cancer cells did indeed develop from the breakdown of living tissue. Reich felt certain that this "biopathy" was the result of sexual repression.
8. Becker W. M, Hardin J, Kleinsmith L.J an Bertoni G (2010) Becker’s World of the Cell, 8th edition, San Francisco, Pearson Education Inc- Accessed 23/11/2013.
The microscope became one of the definitive laboratory equipments for the different sciences. According to a biologist William Carpenter, the microscope was an instrument used for scientific research and to satisfy the curiosity of science and others. Mary Ward acknowledged others to the microscopic world of panoramic, comparing and promoting the scenes of the microscopic world. For instance, some authors were capable to spectacle the animal kingdom under it; for example, sea-urchins, barnacles, and even smaller being like infusorians. Likewise claimed by Lane Clarke, microscope is a gadget to discover and learn. On the other hand, microscope is not only to educate but to entertain people. The littlest details were able to be seen underneath it. It created an amusement shift in how people view the world and others. It could be an enjoyable method through stereoscopes, kaleidoscope, and
He was one of the first who created the "looker" (now called telescope) by placing two pieces of lenses together. The discovery that placing lenses together can magnify images was made by children who took Lippershey's spectacles and looked at a distant church tower. One of the most influential scientists associated with the telescope has to be Galileo. He took the design and reinvented the telescope into one of the first refractive telescopes we use to this day. Galileo used this great invention to report astronomical facts such as the moon is covered with craters instead of being smooth, the Milky Way is composed of millions of stars, and Jupiter has four moons.
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.
The microscope and the general study of microbiology has helped shaped society and and has created many advances in the field of science. Through all history, the microscope evolved into a modern form, and still is the recipient of many upgrades and enhancements. One of the main beneficiaries of the works of the microscope is the medical field, with a closer look on microbiology, scientists are now able to predict viruses, prevent them, and even cure them. The microscope also provides insight into the lives of bacteria, how it forms, how it thrives, and provides us with a deeper understanding on how life came to be. The study and tool is also used to keep Earth as close to perfect as we found it, with many ecologists are working towards a clean green Earth. Overall, the microscope has been used all over the world to create deeper awareness of society and even life itself.
...th in the theory, it was succeeded by the cell theory and the germ theory, allowing for knowledge in the natural sciences to advance in those areas, eventually leading to the development of vaccines and stem-cell research.
This hypothesis emerged when scientists found organic molecules in meteorites from the universe. Some investigators wondered if the abiotic production of organic materials in the soil was absolutely basic to the origin of life. Maybe some organic materials from elsewhere in the universe had arrived in the early earth.