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Effects of Colonization
Negative impact of colonization
Effects of Colonization
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Historical Background South Sudan’s battle for independence stems back from the era of British Imperialism. Fighting to remain and gain their independence since the late 1800’s, Sudan finally became fully independent in 1956, freeing itself from combined Egyptian-British rule. A poorly assembled constitution began the long history of violence that continues to define Sudan and South Sudan today. The constitution ignored several essential issues that divided the country. The first issue being the state religion; whether Sudan would be and Islamic state or if it would remain secular. With the northern part of Sudan being comprised mostly of Muslims and the south being predominantly Christians and animists, this division quickly erupted into the first of 2 major civil wars. Between 1955 and 1972, southern fighters, called the Anya Nya, clashed with the mostly the Arab-led government over southern autonomy. Gaining control over a large portion of southern Sudan by 1960 and merging forces with the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement by 1971, the government of Sudan and the SSLM signed the Addis Ababa Agreement, giving southern Sudan greatly increased autonomy. The agreement also said that the Abyei region, which is on the boarder of the north and south, was allowed to vote which region it would be a part of. The second civil war began in 1983 when the government of Sudan instituted Shari’ ah in the Abyei region and retracted the part of the Addis Ababa Agreement which allowed the Abyei region to vote on its status in regards to it being considered in southern or northern Sudan. This fighting lasted until 1989, when a peace agreement was reached between the Sudanese government and the SSLM. Combat resumed, however, when the Sudanese g... ... middle of paper ... ...tempt to change their image globally of worrying only about the money they have invested in developing countries and not being concerned with who is in charge of those countries, or the human rights abuses that are a result. Secondly, China has large interests in Sudanese oil. Beginning a relationship with Sudanese oil production in the mid-90’s, China has continued to making growing investments in Sudanese oil every years since. Importing up to 80% of South Sudan’s oil exports every year, China has money to lose as the fighting continues, and even more money to gain should South Sudan regain its stability. With China’s tight grip on the Sudanese oil market, it could make it difficult for the U.S. to benefit from increased investment in South Sudan, and the U.S. could even be inadvertently aiding China’s financial gains from South Sudan. U.S. Policy Advisement
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement brought the war for independence to an end in 2005. The agreement set power sharing and economic development plan to be implemented with a promise of respecting the right to self-determination when and if the ‘trial’ period did not bring the intended peace and shared vision in Sudan. With the death of SPLM’s leader John Gerang in 2005 who was the main advocate for united Sudan, South Sudan’s interest has declined and with the lack of commitment from the government of Sudan to the issues agreed under the CPA secession was seen as the only option. The stagnant political stand of the government deterred any chance of the South to envision a unified Sudanese state. South Sudan gained its independence in 2011 after a nationwide referendum.
Shambaugh, David, “Lifting the EU Arms Embargo on China: An American Perspective”, Discussion paper prepared for the CSIS/SWP conference “China’s Rise: Diverging U.S.- EU Approaches and Perceptions,” Berlin, April 28-29, 2005
After the withdraw of Egypt and Britain, Sudan has been run by a number rickety / unstable government groups and milit...
Since gaining its independence in 1956 from the United Kingdom and Egypt, Sudan has been a
The Sudanese Civil War was a fight between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, which occurred from 1983 to 2005. It was mainly a continuation of the First Sudanese
The disagreement between these two parties along with the exclusion of southern Sudan fueled civil unrest. Civil war broke out in 1955, in 1956 Sudan had become an independent nation, but the civil war continued. In 1972 a peace agreement was signed between the Southern Sudan Lib...
Holt, P.M. and M.W Daly. A History of the Sudan: from the coming of Islam to the present
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 states, “The conflict in the Sudan is the longest running conflict in Africa… it has caused tragic loss of life, destroyed the infrastructure of the country, eroded its economic resources and caused suffering to the people of the Sudan” (“Sudan” Insight). Sudan faced the challenge of overcoming the ethnic division between Northern Sudan’s Arab heritage and Southern Sudan’s African heritage. Southern Sudan was isolated from the Northern region, which prevented Sudan from fully participating in the country's political, economic, and social life. This separation resulted in ethnic tension and caused racial clashes and dependence between the two groups. The turmoil and troubles in Sudan today began with a heavy Anglo- Egyptian influence on ancient-Sudan.
The Sudan genocide, a civil war that was started in the early 1980s when drought, famine and the spread of un-arable land caused traditional African herders and Darfur citizens to argue over land. For the next 22 years relationships worsened between the Arab and non-Arab tribes. The Western region of Sudan: Darfur was thrown into civil war by its own government and two rbel armies in an uprising that should have been seen coming for a long time. This essay will elaberate on the events that occurred in Sudan over the past twenty two years and to what extent the mass killings that occurred can be defined as Genocide. The insurgeny began in Febuary 2003; goning virtually uunnoticed by the international community and shadowed by the ongoing war in Irac. The Sudan governent has been blamed for virtually every event during the past 22 years of civil unrest that has led up to the mass killing of hundreds and thousands of civilians. The many different ethinic groups in Sudan were constantly arguing and fighting over any and all issues and problems that could be brought upon to their attention; this led to growing tension. The mass killings in Sudan could be classified as ethnic cleansing; a term used to describe the killing of an ethnic group of people because their role in that society is unjustified or they are invading on terriotory that they are not welcome on.
Tadesse, Debay. Post-independence South Sudan: the challenges ahead. ISPI-ISTITUTO PER GU STUDI DI POLITICA INTERNAZIONALE. February 2012.no.46.
...n 1999, Bashir suspended Turabi’s position and the country became less Islamic. On October 16, 1993, Bashir overthrew the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission in a coup and established himself as president. He won reelection in 2000 and again in 2010. In 2005, Bashir gave the south limited autonomy for six years. After the autonomy expired, the country would take a vote on South Sudan becoming independent. This decision ended the Second Sudanese Civil War in 2006, which killed over twenty million people and lasted over thirty years, however fighting between Sudan and South Sudan still happened at the borders. Oil from South Sudan was shared equally until South Sudan's independence to which South Sudan gained all of the profit off of the oil. However, since all of the refineries were located in Sudan, South Sudan had to pay a fee if they want to produce oil.
The year after saw the birth in Sudan of the National Liberation Front of Chad , created to militarily oust Tombalbaye and the Southern dominance. It was the start of a bloody civil war. Tombalbaye then, to try and pacify the people, granted limited autonomy to northern Muslim leaders and released several political prisoners. These changes only added more leaders and rebels to the growing movement.
The rise of this conflict can be traced back to European colonialism. As the British Empire continued to expand it incorporated Sudan into it’s empire in the 1890s. However at the time, Sudan was not the Sudan that is knew pre-2011. There were two a North and a South Sudan. The north was predominatingly a Arabic speaking Muslim North, and the south an English speaking Christian South. To prevent Egypt claiming North Sudan, the British combined the two regions into one. It can be classified as this being the start of the conflict. The two regions, were culturally,religiously, and ethnically different. Tensions were bound to rise based on these issues. When the British colonialism ended and Sudan declared independence in 1956, the borders were not altered. The country was still united into one Sudan. The British like most Colonial powers left the nation with an unstable government structure. The British supported the North more than it did the South, thus creating resentment and tensions between the two after the end of colonialism.
The Second Sudanese War also is portrayed as a conflict between regional powers and the central government. The competition between foreign interest and the two opposing parties over the oil fields sparked disputes over the natural resources between the regions, further intensifying the war. The Northern Sudan’s desire to to gain control over the natural resources is driven by the reality their arid geography prevents them from cultivating agriculture. In addition,when Omar Al-Bashir’s coup overthrew the Sudanese government and revoked the peace agreement back in 1989, both regions failed to acquiesce in a peace treaty due to the major scale of the conflict. Frequent aerial bombardments and helicopter attacks from the Government of Sudan aggravate the ra...
Religion being politicized has been stuck together with globalization processes in two important ways. First, the religious conflict helped local actors from the northern government and southern rebels to gain support within the region and from international actors abroad. The colonial era may have been the origin of the concept of South Sudan, but the wars waged by Khartoum gave way to its reality (Kustenbauder, 2012). Second, Sudanese people living in the Diaspora abroad have played an important role as representatives of the New Sudan. Their perceptions have been by formed by their emigration and they have kept alive a vision of a new independent Sudan that’s different from the control of Khartoum (Kustenbauder, 2012).