Faculty, Adjunct (also Part-Time Faculty)
The employment of contingent faculty in education has sparked intense debate regarding fiscal responsibility, shared governance, program development and scalability, and the ethics of faculty hiring. Contingent faculty members include part-time adjunct faculty, graduate assistants, and full-time, non-tenure track lecturers. Adjunct faculty members are those hired for part-time assignments on a course-by-course or term basis. They do not participate as members of the full faculty.
The Growth of Adjunct Faculty in Education
In the period between 1970 and 2001, the use of part-time adjunct faculty in higher education grew 376 percent, with the greatest growth in faculty positions from 1980 and beyond seen in part-time and non-tenure track positions. With the growth of online education programs, the trend continued. In 2008 forty percent of the higher education workforce was comprised of adjunct faculty members and, at some institutions, 100 percent of the faculty teaching online courses were adjunct faculty members. Currently, one-fourth of the workforce in higher education is tenured or tenure-track, down from one-third in 1995.
While it has been commonly assumed that adjunct faculty members fall into two categories, moonlighting professionals who teach an occasional class in addition to working a full-time job or those who teach as a retirement activity, recent survey data from the Coalition on the Academic Workforce (CAW) indicate that adjunct faculty members are 90% white, 61.9% female, 70% are between the ages of 36 and 65, and 65.4% teach in the humanities and professional fields. Over seventy-three percent of the respondents indicated that teaching was their primary employmen...
... middle of paper ...
.../uploads/2012/05/Delphi-NTTF_National-Trends-for-Faculty-
Composition_WebPDF.pdf
Reich, R. S. (2001). Higher ed, inc. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.
Shattuck, K. (ed). (2014). Assuring quality in online education: Practices and process at the teaching, resource, and program levels. Stylus: Sterling, VA.
Snitzer, M. & Crsoby, L.S. (2003). Recruitment and development of online adjunct instructors. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 6(2). Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer62/crosby-schnitzer62.html
Tamar, L. (December 3, 2013). Adjuncts see strength in unions. The New York Times.
Thompson, M. M. & Kuhne, G. W. (2014) Ethics matters: Assuring quality in the academic program. In Assuring quality in online education: Practices and process at the teaching, resource, and program levels. Stylus: Sterling, VA.
In the article Who is a Teacher, the author made a factual claim about two correlated theories; that students are permitted too much influence over their instructors, and that influence affects female professors to a greater degree than their male counterparts. The article was written from the perspective of the author’s experience as a female professor at the University of Georgia as well as the accounts of her colleagues. The article listed numerous examples of inappropriate behavior, which would not be tolerated in many other circumstances.
U.S. Labor History Unionism can be described as "a continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment" (Smelser). This means that a group of workers can unite to gain more power and leverage in bargaining. The bargaining process may include many aspects but usually consists of wages, benefits, terms and conditions of employment. The notion of union came about in the 1700's. In the beginning, as it is today, workers united to "defend the autonomy and dignity of the craftsman against the growing power of the company" (Montgomery).
So far, various techniques have been used for reconstruction and regeneration of maxillary and mandibular bone defects. Autogenous bone grafting, guided bone regeneration (GBR), distraction osteogenesis and nerve transpositioning are among these regenerative techniques (1-8). Decision making for the treatment could be influenced by the type, size and location of the bone defects (2, 3, 9, 10). GBR had high success rate in treating small alveolar defects such as dehiscence or fenestration. Regenerative bony walls around the defect with ingrowing blood vessels can begin osteogenesis (11) larger bone defects with insufficient regenerative walls and an low quality avascular bed need varied amount of autogeneous bone graft from extra oral or intra oral donor sites, however, the patient may suffer from complications in donor site as well as bone graft resorption.(10, 12-15)
Endodontic success rate in the literature ranges from 92% to 98% with teeth without apical periodontitis prior to treatment (Friedman, Abitbol et al. 2003, Friedman and Mor 2004). Studies inspecting the success of endodontics differ in describing the term success and survival and it also differ in the period permitted for healing of the apical radiolucency. An asymptomatic tooth clinically with intact periodontal ligament space and complete absence of the of the periapical radiolucency radiographically is considered a success (Strindberg 1956 ). Friedman, Abitbol et al. (2003) Reported an overall 81% success rate for root canal treated teeth, these results were based on a strict criteria (no signs and symptoms and no apical periodontitis) the success rates increased to 94% when teeth with no sympt...
Surgical treatment is called flap surgery. A dentist or periodontist can perform this procedure. It removes tartar deposits in deep pockets, to reduce the periodontal pockets, or to reduce the periodontal pocket. This surgery involves lifting back the gums and removing the tartar; also the gums are then sutured back in place so that the tissue fits around the to...
... the gingiva. The tissue damage that occurs in gingivitis results in reversible destruction to the tissues of the periodontium. Some of the risk factors contributing to gingivitis include the following (American Academy of Periodontology, 2014):
The normal wound healing process mainly consists of four main stages being haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation or new tissue formation, and tissue remodeling or resolution. For a wound to heal well the above mentioned stages should occur in a sequential and orderly manner. Disturbances, abnormalities and delays in any of the above stages may lead to impaired healing or even chronic wounds. In adults, this process of normal healing takes place in the following steps (1)rapid haemostasis (2)appropriate inflammation (3)mesenchymal cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration to the wound site (4)suitable angiogenesis (5)prompt re-epithelialization and (6) proper synthesis, cross-linking, and alignment of collagen to provide strength to the healing tissue.
Sherman, W. H., Beaty, D. M., Crum, K. S., & Peters, A. (2010). Unwritten: young women faculty in educational leadership. Journal of Educational Administration, 48(6), 741 - 754.
...heir instruction, they they should stay in the field or in the labortory where their energy is concentrated. Quit wasting the time and money of the students and give college instructors the fair evaluations they deserve. Set standards for their positions and hold them accountable for skills in teaching, not just their content knowledge.
Interestingly, increased spending has not been going into the pockets of the typical professor. In fact, salaries of full-time faculty members are barely higher than they were in 1970. In such matter, full time faculty members are very rare to come across in a college or university. Today, half of post-secondary faculty members are lower paid part-time employees, meaning that the average salaries of those who teach in American higher education are actually quite a bit lower than they were in 1970. The real major factor driving increasing costs is the increased amount of university
Tooth brushing techniques causing gingival trauma are a significant factor for gingival recession. The frequency, duration and force of brushing all contribute to recession. Excessive force and improper technique may lead to ...
Time and time again, education proves to be an incredibly important topic. This is because the education systems are responsible for adequately preparing students for positions of leadership, responsibility, and power as they get older. As Albert Cornelissen, the president of Windesheim University of Applied Sciences explains, “It is difficult to predict what tomorrow’s world will look like. All we know for certain is that we are educating the professionals of and for the future, the next generation” (193). Since these students will one day be the leaders of the future, it is crucial that they learn from properly qualified professionals. As students progress through the years of
My first and only job to this point in my life was when I worked as a tutor at my local community college in Binghamton, New York. I taught in the areas of statistics, general chemistry, and biology; and totaled approximately 60 hours while working there. Tutoring has been antiquated since the beginning of civilizations and the domestication of animals. Formerly, education was portrayed often by stories from elders describing the universe, by they perceived it. It wasn’t until approximately 10,000 years ago that the development of social classes in which tutoring became a job. Even the likes of Alexander the Great had a tutor, the famous Aristotle (whose ideas developed our judicial system). The economy for education was steered by wealthy
When students are deciding on where to go to college, they have the option of choosing between online classes and the traditional classroom classes. Today, some students are finding it much easier to maintain a job, family and start a college career, all by taking online classes. Although some students still prefer to stick with the traditional classroom classes, they still have the option to take online classes. Both online and the traditional classes will provide the educational requirements needed to obtain a college degree and opportunities in the work field. Although the online classes offer just as much as the traditional classes, they are completely different when it comes to teaching methods, course material and time.
Online courses soon will prevail over the traditional high school and college education. Online Universities will create classes sponsored by companies. These companies will direct the universities on the materials of the course. The company will then offer those who pass the course a job. This will created a skilled worked specifically for a position in a company. Teachers will take a backseat in these courses. Teachers will offer one-on-one help and help people work collaboratively. These teachers will be more of a guide then a true classroom teacher.