Hash Functions:
The hash functions are used to convert messages of variable length into fixed length. Two messages are identical only if the hash values are same.
Basic functioning of the ECC:
Two very large primes are selected first and multiplied to obtain the maximum value limit. Public key is selected as a random number between zero and maximum value. Using extended Euclidian algorithm a private key is generated for the public key.
Multiplying the selected number by itself (pub times) and rounding of the value based on maximum encrypts the message.To decrypt, the encrypted message is multiplied by itself priv key times (priv times).
IV. IBE-LITE SOLUTION
The examples discussed earlier make use of standard IBE which is not compatible with the sensor in a BSN. Solution for this is an IBE-Lite; a lightweight IBE that has the properties of standard IBE, and compatible with a BSN sensor is devised. The ability to use an arbitrary string to generate a public key, and the ability to create a public key separately from the corresponding secret key are few useful properties. IBE-Lite makes use of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), a public key encryption system suitable for BSN [2].
To execute ECC, we need to derive a secret key x, and public parameters (P, y, p, q, h(.)). Table I shows the size of these parameters in bits. In this paper, we consider encrypting a message m using public key y as ECCEncrypt(m, y), and decrypting the cipher-text c generated by the ECCEncrypt using the secret key x using ECCDecrypt(c, x). Details for generating the parameters as well as ECCEncrypt and ECCDecrypt are described in the following text.
Fig. 1 IBE System
A. IBE-Lite
We derive the following IBE-Lite primitives, setup, keygen, en...
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... protected from the storage site since the storage site knows nothing important from the hints given.
V.SECURITY ANALYSIS
The basic primitives are initially analyzed, followed by an analysis of all the protocols.
Analysis of Basic Primitives
In the first we pick n secret and n corresponding public keys. Using one secret key andhashing output of the string function, the doctor is unable to determine the master secret X because there is a lot of x. When the doctor has access to n different secret keys, only then can he determine X.
The discrete logarithm property is not violated by usingxstr and ystr as the private key and public key derived from string str. It is difficult to determine x given y and P ,because they are a result of addition of points. Both Encrypt and Decrypt are well secure since both dependupon well-known ECC encryption and decryption methods.
Asymmetric Key Encryption methods are DSA, Diffie Hellman, RSA, Elliptic Curve and DSA. Asymmetric Encryption
...ey, so the more random the keystrokes, the better is the data needed to generate the key (Senderek, 2003).
Biometric and encryption sounds are not too fresh, for most users, any of each technology alone is not enough to make you feel excitement. However, If we develop a new study or a new technology, which combine the biometrics and encryption. We can find that the technology combining these two techniques are very amazing.
..., Nicholas G. 2010. “Past, Present, and Future Methods of Cryptography and Data Encryption.” Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
Lv, X., Li, H., Wang, B. (2012) Virtual private key generator based escrow-free certificateless public key cryptosystem for mobile ad hoc networks ISSN: 19390114
The main MD5 message digest is represented as 16-byte (128-bits) Hexadecimal number ( written as 32 characters using the digits 0-9 and A-F or a-f ). This value can be found all over the internet. The checksum is a type of redundancy check that will verify the data in a number of ways. MD5 allows a string of unique letters and numbers to stand for data. MD5 can be used across all platforms making it universal. You can use it with windows, or any other operating system that you wish. I myself used it on Windows XP and it worked flawlessly.
Analyzing Literature Literature has become increasingly more analyzed. Some of these analyzations have been thrown at the readers in hopes of making them experience the book in a certain way. However, these need to be interpreted by the reader themselves. The meaning cannot be spoon fed to them by someone else, because everyone is unique which lets them experience literature each in a different way. I agree with Seigel, as literature is interpreted differently and should not be advertised to be seen a certain way.
[5] Darrel Hankerson, Julio Lopez Hernandez and Alfred Menezes, “Software Implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography Over Binary Fields”, Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2000.
Padding of length m is added to the message to overcome the message length issue.
In simple terms, it's just a storage located remotely which you can access anywhere. It's like storing your files online and accessing it anywhere while using your laptop, mobile device or another PC.
For thousands of years, cryptography and encryption have been used to secure communication. Military communication has been the leader in the use of cryptography and the advancements. From the start of the internet, there has been a greater need for the use of cryptography. The computer had been invented in the late 1960s but there was not a widespread market for the use of computers really until the late 1980s, where the World Wide Web was invented in 1989. This new method of communication has called for a large need for information security.
In Today’s world, with the increasing popularity of several types of internet and communication technologies more information is transmitted over the network, due to which the security of the content being transmitted becomes one of the important issue which should be taken into consideration. The content being transmitted may be digital data, images, text, etc. So to prevent this digital data to be interfered and forged by unauthorized parties is one of the most critical demands in computer’ era. The sender on the network should have to take the security issues into consideration specially when transmitting the secret information before enjoying the services provided by the interne. So in order to provide security mechanism, the technique used is the cryptography. Cryptography is a art of protecting information by encrypting it into the unreadable format i.e. the cipher text. It is the technique of secure transmission in the presence of third parties and is employed in protecting integrity or secrecy of electronic messages by converting them into unreadable (cipher text) form More g...
As we mentioned before in this paper, electronic voting is a new way of voting, which brings many benefits to democratic sicieties. This procces exists in two ways: online and offline. In both cases election data are stored elecronically. With all the advantages that this way of voting offers, it still has many problems. The most importent problem that challenges this process is its security. Security of data, privacy of the voters and the accuracy of the vote are main aspects that have to be taken into consideration while building secure e-voting system.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including: