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History of Science During the Golden Age
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Hasan Ibn Al Haytham: the optics scholar
In Islamic Golden Age, the time where the Islamic civilization advanced, during this period, Engineers, Scientists, and Merchants of the Islamic world contributed significantly to different fields such as Art, Agriculture, Economy, Literature, Navigation, Philosophy, Science, Technology, and Astronomy. At that time born a brilliant child in 965 AD, south of Iraq, Basra called Abu Ali Muhammad Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham, known as Hasan Ibn Haytham. A Scientist that would be well distinguished for being the father of Optics and the first modern scientist(DanRezler), as well as one of the first experimental physicist who has dealt with the results of monitoring and testing without resorting to other experiments. Studied the anatomy of the eye and gave the names of its part that use till today, even accomplished the greatest book in the Science of Optics called (The Optics) (lazemtefham.com). Hasan Ibn Haytham childhood was full excitement, enhanced his knowledge through reading and exploration. Existed in an era deserve to classify as a golden time for the translation, at times seen
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Ibn Al Haytham discovered in that tribulation the properties of light and wrote his well-known book (The Optics) during the period he spent in the prison. He says that the light, contain straight lines that fall from the figures that light up by itself, such as the sun, illuminated in width like a candle or reflected such as moonlight carrying pictures. This expression is momentous because is the same expression, which Newton said after centuries about the nature of light(lazemtefham.com). Ibn Al Haytham also proved the fact that the light comes from objects to the eye and not vice versa as it believed at that time, and it attributed the principles of the invention of the
He had produced an unknown ray being emitted from the tube that could pass through the paper. He found that this new ray would pass through most objects, casting shadows of solid substances. He first investigated with his hand and was surprised when he saw his bones. His discovery would open up an exciting field for doctors because now it was possible to stu...
Shortly after college he began to study optics and the construction of telescopes, and wrote his first book, Optica Promota ^1. In 1663 James went to London where he published Optica Promota, which discussed topics such as lenses, mirrors, reflection and refraction, paralax and transits. Optica Promota also discussed Gregory's most famous invention, the reflective telescope. It later became known and the Gregorian Telescope. However, at the time the telescope was only discussed because the mirror polishers could not polish the mirrors properly, so it was never auctually made untill after Gregory's death. He laso invented the feflective burning mirror. In 1664 James went to Puda, Italy and studied under Stefano degli Angeli in geometry, mechanics, and astronomy. While he was there, the published two more worksVera circuli et hyperbolae in which James showed how to compute logarithms by finding the areas of inscribed parallelograms between a hyperbola and its asymptotes, thus leading to the term "hyperbolic logarithms" in 1667. ^2 And Geometriae para universalis where he attempted to prove that the (little shape thingy that i cant type ...looks like a n mixed with pi) and e are transcendual, unfortunatly, his arguments contained a subtle error which was published in 1668, right before he left Italy for London.
He could only see by the light of a candle. Light also represents discovery. Not only does it represent discovery in this book, but also in life. When you discover something everyone knows the saying is a light bulb in your head going off. Equality 7-2521 and the golden one find a new discovery of light. They called it the power of light and we call it electricity. See, they discovered an old invention to use but a very new invention to them. This is so important because this discovery is what brings the climax of the story. The discovery of light is what brings pain to Equality 7-2521 and the Golden One at first when they are lashed, but in the end their discovery brought them to a house full of new and exciting things to them. Light made this story and light makes the world go
His problem statement (a description of the issue being tested during the experiment) was: Can Hooke’s theory of light and the currently accepted theory be verified? The key to Newton’s experiment was a glass prism. According to the book, Isaac Newton (written by Gale E. Christianson), glass prisms were believed to have displayed the phenomena of the scale of light and give proof that the scale of light went from a bright red (color closest to white) to a dull blue (color closest to black). It was also believed that all of these colors were modifications of true white. To test this theory, Newton bought a glass prism “to try therewith the celebrated phenomena of colors” (More, 389). Newton took his prism to his upstairs bedroom and made sure that the room was completely darkened. He then positioned the prism on a table and drilled a one-eighth inch hole into the window shutter so that the light would pass through the prism at a specific angle and was projected onto a wall ("Newton and the Colour of Light"). According to the accepted theory of light, should light pass through a glass prism at that angle, the colors of the spectrum of light should be projected in a perfect circle. However, Newton observed that the colors were arranged into a rectangular shape and the pattern was wider than was predicted. Newton concluded that each color refracted at a different angle as it passed
Al Ghazali a significant person in Islam has helped shape Islam to be what it is today - a living religious tradition for the lives of its adherents. His contribution to Islam though his theories, knowledge and works have left a positive impact upon the Islamic world that continues into the present. An everlasting impact upon the faith, Muslims and the expansion of Islam to be one of the most popular religious traditions in the present world for the lives of its adherents is seen as Al Ghazali’s
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician ho discovered that planetary motion is elliptical. Early in his life, Kepler wanted to prove that the universe obeyed Platonistic mathematical relationships, such as the planetary orbits were circular and at distances from the sun proportional to the Platonic solids (see paragraph below). However, when his friend the astronomer Tycho Brahe died, he gave Kepler his immense collection of astronomical observations. After years of studying these observations, Kepler realized that his previous thought about planetary motion were wrong, and he came up with his three laws of planetary motion. Unfortunately, he did not have a unifying theory for these laws. This had to until Newton formulated his laws of gravity and motion.
Verses 3-5 talk about the creation of light and separation from darkness and how the Lord called the light day and the dark night.
The three laws of motion are three rules that explain the motion of an object. The first law is the law of inertia. It states that every object remains at rest unless it is compelled by an external force. The second law is the law of acceleration. This law shows when there is a change in force, it causes a change in velocity. Finally, the third law states that every force in nature has an equal and opposite reaction. His discovery in calculus help confirms his second law of motion. Calculus also gave Isaac Newton powerful ways to solve mathematical problems. Lastly, for the color spectrum, he produced a beam of light from a tiny hole in a window shade. He placed a glass prism in front of the beam of light creating a color spectrum. In Newton’s undergraduate days, Newton was greatly influenced by the Hermetic tradition. After learning about the Hermetic tradition it influenced him to look at a different perspective into his discoveries and theories. One of the myths that followed the discovery is his discovery of universal gravitation. It is said that while Isaac Newton was thinking about the forces of nature, an apple fell on his head and he found the theory of gravity. There is no evidence that an apple fell on Newton’s head, but the evidence is shown that Newton got an idea of the theory of gravity when he saw an apple fall from a tree. During his life; however, Isaac Newton faced many obstacles. When he published some of his ideas in Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society, some people challenged his ideas such as Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens to a point where Newton stopped publishing his work. During his life, he also suffered a nervous breakdown in a period of his life. He was convinced his friends were conspiring against him, and he couldn’t sleep at all for five
During the years of 1665 and 1667 he worked out the essentials of calculus, he hit upon the crucially important optical law and most significantly grasped the principle o...
Newton wrote many laws and theories that still exist and are followed. Newton wrote a book on optics. Part of Newton's study of optics was aided with the use of a reflecting telescope that he designed and constructed in 1668 which was his first major public scientific achievement. This invention helped prove his theory of light and color. The Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope in 1671, and the organization's interest encouraged Newton to publish his notes on light, optics and color in 1672; these notes were later published as part of Newton's Opticks book.
Williams, B. 1999. A History of Light and Lighting. [online] Available at: http://www.mts.net/~william5/history/hol.htm [Accessed: 5 Jan 2014].
...ime period in a positive scientific light. The distinction between modern and medieval science was described as medieval science being more theoretical in nature and modern being of the more applied variety. Through the further presentation of the plethora of Islamic scientists, covering fields as diverse as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and physics it has been shown, without a doubt, that significant scientific contributions were made in this period. Finally, the source of this misconception was exposed through the common accidental perception of the past as a European narrative. History can easily be focused around Europe, and to do so produces a view of the medieval era being stagnant. However, when one looks at the greater global picture, it is clear that the Islamic world more than makes up for this lull in innovation, successfully brightening the “Dark Age”.
John Kepler agreed with Nicholas campers Hellenistic theory and was able to prove some truth by having evidence that the planets orbits were elliptical. Later Galileo published the book Two Chief Systems of the World where he gave detailed evidence in conjunction with the hedonistic theory. Though the Hellenistic theory was finally getting the recognition it needed to be considered true, the model of the solar system wasn 't conclusive until Isaac newton’s contributions. Isaac Newton is one of the most influential and renowned scientists to this day because of his creation of the laws of gravity, motion, and contributions to the development of calculus. His contributions were the final puzzle pieces philosophers needed to piece together the heliocentric theory with wholesome and accurate evidence for
Ibn al Haytham was a Muslim innovator born in 965 in Basra. He is also known as Alhazen and The First Scientist. In his time, Alhazen was able to invent the first pinhole camera and a camera obscura. Before Alhazen, scientists believed that they did not have to scientifically prove their findings, however, he knew better. Every experiment or hypothesis Alhazen came up with, he submitted it to a physical test and/or proof using mathematic equations. (“Arab Inventors”)
Avicenna was born in August 980 in the area now known as Uzbekistan in a village called Kharmaithan. Some time later he and his father moved to Bukhara, the capital of the Samanid Empire. There he learned from his father and self taught himself the mysteries of the universe. He was definitely a gifted child because, “By the age of ten he had memorized the Qur'an and most of the Arabic poetry which he had read. When ibn Sina reached the age of thirteen he began to study medicine and he had mastered that subject by the age of sixteen when he began to treat patients. He also studied logic and metaphysics, receiving instruction from some of the best teachers of his day, but in all areas he continued his studies on his own.” (University of St. Andrews). Avicenna even cured the Sultan of a disease, which gained him access to the Loyal Library of the Samanids, which skyrocketed his intelligence and introduced him to many new subjects. At the age of 21 Avicenna began writing books such as on ethics, al-Birr wa al-Ithm (Good Work and Evil) and comprehensiveness, Majmu, (Compendium) which he never made copies of. His life immediately changed when his father died near 1000 A.D. and so in order to make money of hi...