Introduction to Hallett Cove: Hallett Cove is one of the best known geological sites both in Australia and other parts of the world. It was made known by Professor Ralph Tate in 1875 when he first discovered the evidence of an ancient glaciation. Professor Ralph Tate’s discovery is now known all throughout the world. The conservation of the site to protect the glacial pavements commenced in 1960 with acquisition of a strip of coastline, named the Sandison Reserve, by the National Trust. Hallett Cove was founded by John Hallett which resulted in the name given to Hallett Cove. The area has been declared a Geological Monument by the Geological Society of Australia and placed on the South Australian Heritage Register for its educational and scientific …show more content…
significance. How Hallett Cove was formed: The oldest rocks here were deposited about 600 million years ago into sea within a large lengthened north–south depression known as the Adelaide Geosyncline.
These sandstones and siltstones were buried, joint then overlapped and uplifted during a period of mountain constructing about 500 million years ago. For the next 200 million years, this ancient mountain range was eroded down to form low hills. Hallett Cove remained at sea level until about three million years ago when down faulting submerged the area. A thin layer of white fossiliferous sandstone was deposited in the warm shallow sea, covering the ancient glacial sediments. Soon after this the uplift of the Mount Lofty Ranges increased, and the Hallett Cove region was uplifted above sea level to be exposed as land. The geological age of the formation and surrounding landscape: Many of the significant events in the geological history of South Australia over the past 600 million years can be observed at Hallett Cove hence this tells us that the geological age of Hallett Cove and many other surrounding landscape is approximately 600 million years of age. Hallett Cove contains rocks and sediments ranging in age from about 600 million years to the present day, that were formed throughout this whole time. Type of rocks found at Hallett …show more content…
Cove: Some examples of evidence found at Hallett Cove includes alluvial sediments, fossiliferous sandstone, ice age evidence, dropstones, Proterozoic sediments and many others. Other than rocks, the park has the largest area of publicly accessible remnant coastal vegetation along the metropolitan coastline and it is a sanctuary for birds, reptiles and insects. What has happened between the time of formation and the present day: Between the time of formation and the present day, many changes had been added to Hallett Cove, most of which started in the 1800.
After John Hallett had discovered the area, the Hallett family did a mining business and a copper mine was built on the northern side of Hallett's creek.After the Victorian gold rush, the family abandoned the business and hence resulted in the abandoned mine. In 1957 Professor A.R. Alderman from the University of Adelaide wrote to the National Trust of South Australia recommending that the glacial pavements along the coastal cliff tops of Hallett Cove be preserved. In 1960, local farmer George Sandison died and the beneficiaries of his estate donated 3.25 acres of land, a narrow strip along the cliff tops, to the National Trust of South Australia which was followed not long after by another 8.75 acres for an access road. In 1965 the donated land was proclaimed The Sandison
Reserve. Aboriginals: Aboriginals have been said to have stayed at Hallett Cove at some period of time and left behind many evidence of their existence. Stone implements were first discovered in Hallett Cove in 1934 with more than 1,700 artefacts being collected over a period of 30 years. The majority are heavily weathered Kartan stone tools weighing up to 5.5 kilograms with over 400 found around the large camp, indicating late Pleistocene occupation with various smaller tools gradually replacing them over time. Conclusion: Hallett Cove has undergone a major transformation since the time of formation, most of which were the results of human impacts to the environment. Hallett Cove contains many significant evidence of Australia’s history and many of the evidence helps us to understand the Aboriginal culture and should be kept safe without any human destruction. The result of human impact can be seen through the evidence found and the difference in the shape of the mountains since the formation. Hallett Cove is just one of the many places where rocks and significant evidence are located and we should all help to ensure that these things are protected well.
The Kimmeridge Clay Formation is the penultimate formation of the onshore British Jurrasic Succession. William Smith was the first to document this distinct formation on his map of 1815, and to name as the Oaktree Soil. In 1817, he gave the name Oaktree Clay for the layers of clay between the “Portland Rock” and “Coral Rag and Pisolite” but in 1816 Webster was the first to describe in details the formation and changed to the name now known as kimmeridge Clay Formation after the English village of Kimmeridge on Dorset’s “Jurassic Coast” a place frequently visited by fossil hunters. (Cox and Gallois, 1981).
The shelf-edge includes carbonate-to-clastic facies transition and tectonic uplift and erosion of the carbonates followed by deposition of the clastics. The Saint Peter Sandstone is a well-sorted, almost pure quartz arenite deposited during a major mid-Ordovician low stand. Clastics spread across an exposed carbonate platform by transportation. This is shown by the well-rounded, frosted texture of the quartz grains.
The Precambrian Shield Rocks found in the Brickworks was formed in an ancient sea more than 1.4 billion years ago. Over many years, the heat and pressure from plate tectonics slowly pushed the land into a mountain chain. During the Ordovician period (around 470- 448 million years ago), the mountain chains This layer of shale and limestone is called the Georgian Bay
The third alluvial deposition consists of sand, silt and minor inter-bedded gravel, and again indicates Brimbank Park’s changing geology over time. (Geological map of Victoria, 1973). These deposits, as well as a nearby fault suggest volcanic activity 5-1.6 million years ago, which explains the olivine basalt (fig. 2) deposits which date back to to the Silurian and Tertiary period.
The site visited on this day was informally known as the Bedrock Knob (NTS grid reference: 120 342). It is in an area where patches of limestone and exposed bedrock are common. The bedrock is part of the Preca...
...e morphed it into the quartzite that is seen surrounding the butte (4). Rocks that undergo this process are called metamorphic rock, which is the same as the rock seen years ago by dinosaurs and other extinct creatures. The quartzite rocks were formerly seafloor sediment that was forced upwards, and then surrounded by lava basalt flows. Once erupted through fissures and floods through out most of the area, lava flow eventually created enough basalt to form a thickness of about 1.8 kilometers (1). All of this basalt flow eventually led to the covering of most mountains, leaving the buttes uncovered. The igneous lava flows and loess is reasons that the Palouse consists of such sprawling hills, and rich soil for farming (2). In result of the lava flows, the Precambrian rock Quartzite was formed. And lastly covered by the glacial loess, which were carried by the wind.
Gabrysch, R. K. and C.W. Bonnett. "Land Surface subsidence at Seabrook, Texas US." Geological Survey 1977: 21-74. 48 pp.
"NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division." Nature.nps.gov » Explore Nature. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. .
“Ah, the creative process is the same secret in science as it is in art,” said Josef Mengele, comparing science to an art. He was less of an artist and more of a curious, debatably crazy, doctor. He was a scientist in Nazi Germany. In general, there was a history of injustice in the world targeting a certain race. When Mengele was around, there were very few medical regulations, so no consent had to be given for doctors to take patients’ cells and other tests done on the patients’ bodies without their consent. This was the same time that Henrietta Lacks lived. Henrietta Lacks was an African American woman who went to the doctor because she had cervical cancer. Her cells were taken and are still alive in culture today (Skloot 41). Hence, her cells were nicknamed Immortal (Skloot 41). Although many, at the time, saw no issue with using a patient without consent issue with what?, on numerous occasions since then courts have determined that having consent is necessary for taking any cells. The story of Henrietta lacks is has similarities to an episode of Law and Order titled Immortal, which is an ethical conundrum. Despite this, the shows are not exactly the same and show differences between them. Both of these stories, one supposedly fictional, can also be compared to the injustices performed by Josef Mengele in Nazi Germany.
The coastal belt of the Franciscan Complex is composed of the youngest and least deformed units and makes up the western quarter of all Franciscan rocks. The rocks of the coastal belt are composed of arkosic sandstones, andesitic graywackes, and quartzofeldspathic graywackes interbedded with radiolarian chert (turbidite deposits) (Blake and Jones, 1981). These sedimentary rocks suggest a depositional environment of deep-sea fan systems with both oceanic and continental provenance. Parts of the belt show evidence of later metamorphism, principally due to subduction. Low-grade blueschist mineral facies are indicated by the presence of minerals such as laumonite and prehnite-pumpellyite (Blake and Jones, 1981). All rock units show evidence of thrust (imbricate) faulting due to the compressional forces of subduction. Ages of the coastal belt run from as little as 40 Ma (Eocene) to as old as 100 Ma (middle Cretaceous).
Tarbuck E., Lutgens F., Tasa D., 2014, An Introduction to Physical Geology, 5th Ed, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Later after the sea finally retreated occurred volcanic activity. Mountains rose through laccoliths, which also resemble volcanoes. These laccoliths differ in that they do not erupt. They shifted layers of rock upward in the shape of a dome. This specific piece of geologic morphology occurred at the end of the Cretaceous time. This marked the beginning of the Laramide Orogeny, which was a well-known period of mountain formation in western North America.
...ified rocks are usually inclined due to the structure folding and faulting because of the Paleozoic rock. (Adams, Butts, 23). Charles Butts states, “In its general relations the Paleozoic area of Alabama falls into the large geographic division of the eastern United States known as the Appalachian Highlands which extends from the Coastal Plain on the east to the Interior Lowlands of the Mississippi Valley region on the west.” (Adams, Butts, 43)
Ames Room Essay An Ames room is a distorted room that is used to create an optical illusion. It was created by an American ophthalmologist named Adelbert Ames, Jr. in 1934. The same room wasn’t constructed until the following year in 1935. It tricks people into being ordinary cubic shaped, but the true shape of this room is trapezoidal since the walls are slanted and the ceiling and the floor are inclined. As a result of the optical illusion, a figure or person standing in one corner appears to the person looking through the hole of the room( box) to be very big, while the other figure or person standing in the other corner appears to be too little.