Sachin Dhiman Essay I believe that the environment deiced whether a society will or will not have technology, militaristic and farming abilities imbedded within the society. That will give an advantage so that one society is better equipped than others. Jared Diamond is the author of the Guns, Germs, and Steel. In the book he is making an attempt to answer a question posed by a man named Yali. Yali is a local politician and asked Jared a very simple question on the surface but truly is a hard one to answer. Yali's question is "Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had very little cargo of our own." Jared comes up with a thesis in which he explains in depth later …show more content…
on. This thesis of his was "Why does different civilizations develop more or less than each other which intern leads to one civilization conquering the other." Jared provides lots of evidence that supports his thesis.
First farming is a key aspect and so is domesticating plants and animals the line "hunter gatherers of the Chatham (only 5 people per square mile) and of New Zealand's South Island, and the farmers of the rest of New Zealand (28 people per square mile). In contrast, many islands with intensive agriculture attained population densities exceeding 120 per square mile Page 61" This line shows how farming can increase the density of people due to a surplus of food that was acquired by farming and nearly impossible by hunting and gathering. That surplus allows for many more things to occur such as advance in technology and political advances. This is seen in the line "In general, the larger the size and the higher the density, the more complex and specialized were the technology and Political organization page 62" In this line "In addition, the largest domestic mammals interacted with domestic plants to increase food production by pulling plows and thereby making it possible for people to till land that had previously been uneconomical for farming." it shows how animals that are domesticated are used not only for food and materials but also for plowing the field and allowing to expand the farms. But these animals bring along nasty germs. This lines helps explain it "The major killers of humanity throughout our recent history—smallpox, flu, tuberculosis, malaria, plague, measles, and cholera—are infectious diseases that …show more content…
evolved from diseases of animals page 192" This line shows that animals when domesticated and keep in large herds also in close contact with humans tend to create germs that native people in the new world have never been exposed to thus killing them. As seen from this line "up to 99 percent of the previously unexposed population was killed. Germs thus acquired ultimately from domestic animals played decisive roles in the European conquests of Native Americans" This is just some of the evidence that supports Jared These. I agree with his theory as it makes logical sense and breaks down everything and takes it back a step.
For example when he writes about how the axes of each continent affects how well ideas and domesticated crops and animals flow or spread through the continent. This discussion had made lots of sense for me and is yet another idea that supports his theory. "At the one extreme was its rapid spread along east-west axes: from Southwest Asia both west to Europe and Egypt and east to the Indus Valley (at an average rate of about 0.7 miles per year); At the opposite extreme was its slow spread along north-south axes: at less than 0.5 miles per year, from Mexico northward to the U.S. Southwest; at less than 0.3 miles per year, " This example shows how east to west axes allow for a faster diffusion of crops and animals. But the north to south is very slow compared to the other. This helps explain why Eurasia had developed the quickest and the America and Africa lagged behind." For example, Portugal, northern Iran, and Japan, all located at about the same latitude but lying successively 4,000 miles east or west of each other, are more similar to each other in climate than each is to a location lying even a mere 1,000 miles due south." This line tells us why Eurasia was able to develop so fast. That is because it has an east to west axes which means animals and crops can more wildly thought the same land due to there being large amounts of land with the same latitude. While the Americas
have a north to south axis the climate changes very quickly meaning all plants and animals must adopt before they can live there and many are not able to. This is one example of why I agree with his theory. Jared Diamond has created thesis with many supporting details some of which include farming leading to high density populations and intern creating new technologies. Another example is domesticating animals to help farm but happened to create nasty germs that kill 99% of Native Americans. These examples and more show how he created a valid thesis and a great book.
Guns, Germs, and Steel was published by Jared Diamond in 1977. Diamond is a UCLA professor and a scientist and his book has received remarkable response all around the world, in fact the book has won Pulitizer Prizer and was New York’s bestseller. Despite, of being highly regarded, the book is known as one of the most controversial book of its time. A lot critics has accused this book but the critic which stood out the most was William H. McNeill. McNeill is a historian and I agree with his criticism regarding the book and its conclusion.
Jared Diamond begins Guns with a prologue which sets the stage for the rest of the book. Approached in New Guinea by his friend and local politician Yali, he is posed a question: "Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?" Yali's question flared a nerve in Diamond. This question brought about the thesis of his book, that environment is more persuasive on development of civilization than people may have once thought.
In the New World, domestic animals were not common and therefore most meat was hunted and scavenged for, whereas in the Old World domestic animals such as cows, horses, pigs, etc. were very commonplace in villages of the same stature as those in the Americas thus living styles were different with different habits. In addition, the epidemiological imbalance came from the amount of diseases deriving from the old world and its domestic animals compared to the diseases found in the Americas. Overall, the old world, Europe, had many more diseases which transmitted easily. Also, Mann calls the disease imbalance the most important fact in world history because when these diseases were transmitted to the Americas, it dictated the first 150 years of Native American life as so many were
I first read Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel in the Fall 2003 based on a recommendation from a friend. Many chapters of the book are truly fascinating, but I had criticisms of the book back then and hold even more now. Chief among these is the preponderance of analysis devoted to Papua New Guinea, as opposed to, say, an explanation of the greatly disparate levels of wealth and development among Eurasian nations. I will therefore attempt to confine this review on the "meat and potatoes" of his book: the dramatic Spanish conquest of the Incas; the impact of continental geography on food production; and finally, the origins of the Eurasian development of guns, germs, and steel. In terms of structure, I will first summarize the book's arguments, then critically assess the book's evidentiary base, and conclude with an analysis of how Guns, Germs, and Steel ultimately helps to address the wealth question.
“As European adventurers traversed the world in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries they initiated the “Columbian Exchange” of plants, animals, and diseases.”(P. 26). The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. The exchange of plants, animals, diseases and more modernized technology, beginning after Columbus landing in the Americas in 1492. It lasted through the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, sheep and pigs were introduced to the Americas. The Americas introduced to Europe many new crops such as potatoes, beans, squash, and maize. In time Native people learned to raise European livestock and European and Africans planted American crops. This was the positive effect of the encounter and it was largely responsible for the doubling of the world’s population in the next three hundred years. There were also many negative effects to the “Columbian Exchange” A major consequence was the spread of disease in the New World. Diseases carried by Europeans and Africans devastated the population of the Americas. As Europeans traveled through the Americas epidemics came with them. Typhus, diphtheria, malaria, influenza, cholera, and smallpox killed many of the native people. One example was
While the Europeans were traveling to the New World, they often brought domesticated animals with them for sources of food and livestock. When animals and humans are living in close quarters together, it is very likely for exposure to germs to occur. New diseases were brought over by foreigners looking for fame and gold that killed off many of the natives in the new lands. The natives did not stand a chance against these new threats because of a lack of knowledge and supplies to cure themselves. Once the Europeans established diseases as they made land in the New World, their journey had only become easier as their competition were being wiped out from the rapid spread.
Europeans first touched the shores of America, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not moved west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, potatoes, and sweet potatoes had not traveled east to Europe. Americas, there were no livestock, all animals of Old World creation. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, and guinea pig, the New World was not identical to the trained animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the viruses associated with the Old World’s small populations of humans and such associated animals as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Among these germs were those that brought smallpox, measles, chickenpox, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever. The Columbian exchange of crops affected both the Old World and the New. Amerindian crops that have crossed oceans for example, maize to China and the white potato to Ireland has been incentive to population growth in the Old World. The latter’s crops and livestock have had much the same outcome in the Americas. The full story of the trade is very long, so for the hope of shortness and sharpness let us focus on a certain area, the east...
There is nothing better then realizing that each indigenous people evolved into something better or that they found ways to survive in situations they weren’t use too. There were many changes that happened over time that cause for situations to change for everyone around them. But it also has helped with being able to progress with the way they lived. Jared diamond the author of Guns, Germs and Steel interpret his famous theory oh how we came to be. How the geography luck helped each country developed more rapidly than others as well as being able to expand more. However they also had geography luck when it came to how many advantages they had with the technology nevertheless, germs also was a big part of how the conquered most of the lands because it would kill instantly millions of european and
What is the importance of the gun? The gun is one of the most important tools in the defense of our nation. Guns are responsible for a lot of death and injuries, but these things were going on before the existence of the gun. Guns aren't the reason for the death and injuries, they are just a means to it. They are tools and an engineering marvel of our age. The gun has evolved from a simple weapon that caused limited destruction to the modern gun that is so fast and powerful it is capable of mass destruction. Through the evolution of the gun, it has become a political tool.
Agriculture changed communities in scale and complexity. Affluent foragers use more resources in a given area using better designed tools than traditional foragers. Humans domesticated themselves and other species.
“The discovery of agriculture was the first big step toward a civilized life.” (Arthur Keith)
Collapse, written by Jared Diamond, poses his opinion on how human endeavors has impacted climate change throughout history. Diamond uses the Maori, located in humid New Zealand and the Europeans, to illustrate the influences of globalization. Before the Europeans arrived, the Maori rarely engaged in wars, due to the modesty of agriculture productivity and their staple crop of sweet potatoes. The Maori couldn’t grow enough sweet potatoes to feed distant marches or an army. Around 1815, however, the Europeans introduced potatoes, increasing Maori crop production. Maori tribes that did acquire potatoes and guns from the English decided to raid tribes hundreds of miles away that did not receive guns or potatoes yet. Doing so resulted in relief for pre-Maori warfare; Europeans transported their own native crops and introduced it to the Americas where there was a change of climates.
Throughout history, the way civilizations have changed over time have varied greatly, in the specific environment civilizations where located. Civilizations can be located near rivers, trough arid land, and with predictable or unpredictable climate. With the environment being anything form the surrounding vegetation, to neighboring villages that may pose a potential threat. Civilizations need to establish themselves within the environment has led many to warfare and others to collapse. The specific environment civilizations lived in can be either an advantage or disadvantage. Changing the way the political and economic structure of the people’s specific civilization varied greatly on the resources that was
The history of New Zealand begins between 800 A.D. and 1300 A.D., when the Māori people arrived from Polynesia to the mountainous island they called “Aotearoa.” The people “lived in tribal groups” fairly peacefully (Wilson). However, life began to change for the Māori people when they first came into contact with a European in 1642, when Dutch explorer Abel Tasman “discovered” the island. In 1769, “[James] Cook successfully circumnavigated and mapped the country” (History). These explorations marked the beginning of Europeanization for the young country of New Zealand. Whalers and traders soon arrived, and missionaries arrived in 1814. When the Māori met with Europeans, events followed a similar path to the colonization of America and the decimation of the native populations-- “contribution of guns…, along with European diseases, led to a steep decline in the [population of] Māori people.” (History). Consequentially, “their chieftains entered into a compact with Britain, the Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria while retaining territorial rights,” in...
Cipolla calls it the first great economic revolution (Cipolla 18). The development of agriculture leads to the development of communities, city-states, civilizations, and other settlements. The social structure that formed around agriculture brought about the possibility of specialization within a society, since not everyone had to hunt and gather all the time. Instead of living in an ecologically sustainable manner like the hunter/gatherers, people started living in an economic manner (Southwick 128). Specialization enabled the development of social institutions such as religion and government, and agriculture necessitated the development of irrigation.