(Hf) is considered as the convective heat exchange between the foliage and the nearby air which is sensible heat flux, and (Lf) is considered as the heat exchange due to evaporation at the foliage level. The energy balance equation at the soil level is presented in equation 3:
Based on previous equations and figure 6, properties of soil and vegetation layers influence on the thermal behavior of different green roofs.
Having the equivalent outside temperatures (Θe,eq) and the heat flux (ɸ), and equivalent periodic thermal transmittance of a green roof can be calculated through equation below:
Taking into account of thermal inertia of green roof components, density and specific heat of the soil and outdoor temperature have more impact on thermal
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• Leaf reflectivity: Leaf reflectivity is the ratio of incident solar radiations that are reflected. It ranges from 0 to 1.
• Leas emissivity: Leas emissivity is the ratio of thermal radiations that are emitted from leaf surface compared to black body at the same temperature. It ranges from 0 to 1.
• Stomatal resistance: Stomatal resistance is the resistance of plant to transport moisture in unit of s/m. It normally ranges from 50.0 to 300.0 s/m.
• Roughness: It is related to the roughness of a particular material layer. The possible options for this character are “VeryRough”, “Rough”, “MediumRough”, “MediumSmooth”, “Smooth” and “VerySmooth”.
• Thickness: It is related to the depth of the growing media layer in meters.
• Conductivity: Thermal conductivity of the growing media which is related to the wet or dry environment (W/(m-K).
• Density: It is related to the density of the dry growing media
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Green roof can protect the roofing membrane against ultra-violet (UV) radiation and prevent physical damage due to degeneration of insulation and roofing materials. It can block solar radiations and decrease daily temperature fluctuations during summer and winter. All of these benefits make the roof lifetime longer [19].
The heat gain and heat loss through green roof are mainly defined by solar radiations coming from the sun. Green roof useful for reflecting solar radiations and reducing heat absorption by evapotranspiration. In addition, it can minimize the amount of heat transmitted through the roof membrane due to extra insulation. Determination of the green roof materials, foliage characteristic, and soil features which affect thermal performance of roof is necessary for designers [20].
1.2.3.2 Climate/Seasons consideration:
Solar radiation can change seasonally and in different locations, and can impact thermal performance of vegetated roofs and
Investigating the Effect of Light Intensity on the Size of a Plantain Leaf Title: To investigate the effect of light intensity on the size of a plantain leaf. Hypothesis: I predict that the size of the plantain leaves would increase as the light intensity decreases. Therefore, plantain leaves found in the shade will have larger surface areas than leaves found in an open area. Theory: Sunlight is an essential factor need to complete the process of photosynthesis.
Investigating the Relationship Between the Transpiration Rate of a Shoot and the Degree of Opening of the Stomata of Its Leaves
Resistivity is the oppose to conductivity. It's a measure of material's ability to oppose the flow of electric current. It is a property of the material, and it remains constant, not depending on the certain shape of the material, however it does depend on the mass and density of the particular material. The resistivity of a particular material can be found by multiplying the resistance of the material by its cross sectional area, and then divided by it's length, this is shown in the equation below:
The Solyndra Company, founded in 2005 by Christian Gronet, designed, manufactured, and sold a unique type of solar panels. They were termed “solar photovoltaic (PV) systems” and were designed for large, flat to low sloped commercial building roofs. The panels were designed to have the best performance when mounted horizontally and to be installed very close together so that they covered a much higher percentage of the roof top thus producing more electricity than the typical flat panel solar panels by comparison. This was created through the production by absorbing light from all directions including indirect and reflected light as well as direct sunlight when combined with a white roof. This was due to the design of having rolled its copper indium gallium selenite or CIGS into a cylindrical shape. Each tube had 40 of them in each 1-meter-by-2-meter panel (Solyndra, 2008).
In passive solar design, the vertical and horizontal surfaces control the heat transfer; in winters collect and distribute solar heat and dissipate heat in summer. Passive solar techniques utilize solar energy through direct or indirect solar gain to achieve environmental comfort in the building. The key factors in passive solar building design are: site planning and design; thermal mass; solar geometry; ventilation and vegetation.
Copper roofing is typically a good option to consider if you want a very strong roof that may also be able to help you out a bit when it comes to conserving energy. Listed below are just two of the many reasons to consider copper roofing.
= My aim of this investigation was to check the affect of environmental factors affecting stomatal opening. My experiment was designed to check the stomata opening in light. Plants move in ways that may not seem obvious.
Fiberglass reinforced concrete doesn’t crack easily where it can be cut without chipping because it is sprayed on, the surface has no bugholes or voids. GFRC used for creative prefabricated architectural cladding. GFRC is an perfect material to use on a variety of roofing structures. It is easy to fix lightweight but tough and unaffected by environmental conditions. It can imitate traditional roofing materials such as slate, natural stone or clay products but unlike these materials it is neither heavy nor brittle. GFRC can be moulded into complex shapes for roofing accessories such as finials, ridges and chimneys. It is non-combustible with a high impact strength and can be used on all types of roof. Next, GFRC use in renovation. Thin lightweight panels are easy to fix and minimise the weight imposed on the existing structure. In addition,GFRC can provide best solutions in the construction of foundations and floors where in-situ concrete floors it can give economic benefits together with excellent appearance. On ground floor concrete slabs, during cold climate insulated GFRC can help in minimising heat loss from the
will be cooled by using water vapor in the air and soil and heated by trapping the rays from the
Simpson, J.R. (2002, November). Energy and Buildings, Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use. ScienceDirect, 34(10), 1067–1076. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778802000282
Invitro acclimatization is controlled by Relative humidity and is the major factor involved in altering morphological, physiological and biochemical characters of the plants that are transferred in vivo.
Bioclimatic design is used to define potential building design strategies ad potentials, ad to utilize natural energy flow while minimizing conventional energy use. a bioclimatic chart indicates that whenever outdoor temperature, solar heat, wind and humidity conditions fell within the
It has been proven that an effective, environmental landscape design can cool your home in summer and warm it in winter. Energy efficient landscaping can actually reduce your energy costs by up to 20%, according to the Plants for Clean Air Council” (Benefits of Gardening).
Bamboo is a building material that is mostly used in rural communities for houses, but even Architects and Engineers are beginning to use Bamboo for it strength as a structural component and a styling agent by means of bamboo window blinds and many more. Bamboo is also commonly used as a type of construction for schools, farms and bridges. Bamboo is also used as scaffolding, shutters, a reinforcing agent for concrete and water piping, the demand for bamboo has recently increased as a new development of variety of bamboo based panels (Dunkelberg, 1992) has been constructed and incorporated into many buildings. Small buildings both non-structural and structural in nature both can be made entirely out of bamboo with the obvious exception of chimneys and fireplaces due to bamboo being a fuelling agent for fires, but it is not used alone it...
insulation from the roof on winter days so that the roof would get hot, and