Between 334 and 323 B.C., Alexander the Great and his armies conquered much of the known world, creating an empire that stretched from Greece and Asia Minor through Egypt and the Persian empire in the Near East to India. This unprecedented contact with cultures far and wide assimilated Greek culture and its arts, and exposed Greek artistic styles to a host of new exotic influences. Stylistically, Hellenistic art is viewed as more ornate than its predecessor, the Golden Age. Monumental friezes and statues were created to be admired from all angles, encapsulating viewers observing the portrayal of Greek expansion.
One of the defining characteristics of the Hellenistic period was the division of Alexander the Great's empire into smaller dynastic empires founded by the diadochi, or the rival generals and friends of Alexander the Great who served him. Each succeeding dynasty practiced a royal patronage which differed from those of the city-state. Architecturally, this resulted in vast urban plans and large complexes which had mostly disappeared from city-states by the 5th century BC. This city planning was quite innovative for the Greek world; rather than manipulating space by correcting its faults, building plans conformed to natural settings. One city, in particular, embodied architecture that was revolutionary during the Hellenistic period. Pergamon in Asia Minor showcased the Pergamon Altar as a monumental construction built during the reign of King Eumenes II on one of the terraces of the acropolis of the ancient city of Pergamon. Initially built as a monument to the emerging power of the Attalids, colossal and humbling scale were exhibited for visitors. The path connecting the lower part of the town with the acropolis led visito...
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... by the serpents’ bodies twining around all three figures. Strangled by snakes, Laocoön desperately appears to attempt to loosen the snake’s grip without affording a glance at his dying sons; one, who appears defeated by the monsters, and another, who appears defiant (and, in some accounts of the story, escapes). In a style similar to the Pergamon Altar, the sons are disproportionate to their father’s stature, indicating hierarchal scale emphasizing the cultural significance of Laocoön. Further evident of Hellenistic art, the sculpture is intended to be viewed at every angle, ultimately influencing later artistic periods like Renaissance and Baroque art. Hellenistic sculpture repeats the innovations of the "second classicism": perfect sculpture-in-the-round, allowing the statue to be admired from all angles while studying draping, transparency, and figurative poses.
Change in Greek Art Greece is famously known world widely for its spectacular artworks. People are familiarized with its sculptures, paintings, and mosaics, but not many know how its art has been transforming from time to time. An explicit example would be the drastic changes from Aphrodite of Knidos to The Old Market Woman. The Egyptians had influenced Early Greek art for several years; it was during the time of war (Archaic Period) and art was not their top priority. Most of their sculptures were similar to those in Egypt and there was no sense of personal style.
Throughout history, there are many scenes that are repeated in different mediums. Many of these scenes begin as stories. The image of Laocoon was first depicted with words as a story told about the Trojan War. Laocoon is a Trojan priest who had warned against the acceptance of the wooden horse. The gods, who are on the side of the Greeks, send two serpents to kill Laocoon. They first attack his two sons, and when he rushes to save them they attack and kill him (Lee 37). The snakes then return to the citadel of Minerva for safety. A famous depiction of this scene can be found in the illuminated manuscript Vergilius Vaticanus. This illuminated manuscript was done sometime around the 5th century (Wright 91). It was similar to many illuminated manuscripts of the time in that the scribe wrote out the poem, and left designated space for the artist to depict an image that relates to that part of the poem(Wright **). While it is believed that many of the images were copies of images from rolls depicting the same story, the artist did have opportunity to alter images and depict images as they saw fit. The artist that painted the Laocoon scene reveals Laocoon as a strong tragic hero by depicting him the second time as large, nude, muscular and bearded. This view is intensified when compared to the Roman/Hellenistic sculptural group of Laocoon and his sons.
When studying an ancient culture, it is important for one to comprehend the many unique elements that make up that culture. The study of architecture enables historians to deepen their understanding of a culture and identify the modern influences of that society. Architecture is an essential aspect of ancient Greek culture and its long lasting influence is evident in most cities today. The Greek Revival style dominated American architecture during the nineteenth century. Many prosperous citizens believed that the ancient Greece architecture embodied the spirit of democracy. When analyzing the architecture of New York City, one will find many examples of Greek Revival architecture, the most notable examples being the Old Custom House on 28 Wall Street, the first National City Bank building on 55 Wall Street, and Saint Peter’s Church at 22 Barclay Street.
The ancient Greek civilization has left a rich cultural footprint on modern Western civilization. Especially during the ancient Classical and Hellenistic eras of Greece, ancient Greeks have left behind a plethora of ideas and concepts that have played a crucial role in forming the foundations to Western civilization. Although the Classical era was a time of war and conflict, it was the Golden Age of Greece that was the home to many achievements in art, philosophy, architecture, politics, and literature such as the birth of democracy. The Hellenistic era was a period of social and economic prosperity that was defined by the spread of Greek culture across the entire eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. During this era, countless of advancements
All of the figures within the sculpture appear either excessively well built, small, or large. To begin with, the serpents are excessively long. The snake biting the child on the left, for example, starts at the child’s torso, his body then curls around the child’s right shoulder, continues behind the child and moves down to ensnare Laocoön’s’ right leg with the smallest child’s legs and then winds around Laocoön’s left leg and finally has one last coil looped around the largest child’s left ankle. If Laocoön were an average height man (around 6 foot tall) then the sea serpents would have to be at least 12 feet long (probably closer to 15 feet or more). The girth of the serpent bodies is disproportionate with their large size. Although, the bodies of the snakes are large, to achieve a size of twelve feet or more, the body of the snake at the apex would probably be closer to the size of Laocoön’s thigh than the size of his wrist and
Hellenistic art was very dark compared to earlier Classical works, in which Gods and Goddesses looked serene and calm in the face of opposition. Classical representations create an image of a stoic, collected being—one that is above the emotional response of innately flawed humans. However, in the Hellenistic era artists began to flex the Gods muscles and show the vengeance they were capable of. Their fall from serenity to violence humanized the deities and instilled a fear of disaster if the Gods were left unappeased. On the Pergamon Altar this can be observed in great detail on the outlining
Hellenistic art, let alone architecture, was a period of dramatic transformations that deterred greatly from the Greek Classical period. While the Classical Greek concepts were not entirely abandoned, the Hellenistic period expanded the formal horizons with dramatic posing, sweeping lines, and high contrast of light, shadow and emotion, something greatly different from the Classical artists ideas. The conventions and rules of the Classical period gave way to experimentation and a sense of freedom that allowed the artists of the Hellenistic period to explore their subjects from unique points of view that they had not previously done. The Altar to Zeus in Pergamon is the perfect representation of the Hellenistic period. Pergamon contained the Altar to Zeus in the same way that the Athenian Acropolis contained the Parthenon and is considered by the Greek art historian Gisela Richter to be “the most famous altar of Hellenistic times” (Handbook 32). The Altar of Pergamon is uniquely suited as an ideal example of 2nd century Greek culture that is tied to the ideals of the people, and shows off Hellenistic characteristics that define the time just as the Parthenon is a staple in the Classical period. [Stokstad]
Ancient Greek sculpture is celebrated for its ground-breaking representation of the human figure. Nevertheless, this prominent artistic established practice did not just emerge fully developed. Ancient Greek sculpture is generally branched in the various stages of progression: the three fundamental stages are the archaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods. It is also worth noting that there is an earlier phase referred to as the Geometric Period in which the characteristics that would come to define ancient Greek sculpture were starting to take shape.
- Priest of Troy being punished by the Gods for warning against accepting horse from the Greeks. Sea serpents attacked him and his sons. Beautiful anatomy.
In my thesis essay topic I will discuss how art in the Greek culture has change drastically since making it first appearance, in my essay topic I hope to showcase knowledgeable information on the subject while providing supporting details. This topic was interesting to me because beforehand even though I have taken many art classes, this class gave me a little more insight to the world of art and has influence my taste since traveling. I am amaze at how much Greek art has influence modern day culture. Greek culture has also paved the way for many other forms of culture forms and exhibits. So what did this essay mean to me? It was away for me to study and review what I thought was most significant about Greek times and the art pieces that stood out to me the most. I also like that I get to get my personal reflection on key pieces that lead to the new era of classical and non-classical art. In my essay, I will show how ancient Greece was a very unique culture that went through great efforts to produce high class art.
My report is on ancient Greek art mainly sculptures and vase art I will also
Honour, Hugh, and John Fleming. "Hellenistic and Roman Art." A World History of Art. London: Laurence King, 1999. 179-213. Print.
Greek-Roman architecture was so tough and perfectionalized in the 480 BC that many buildings around the world have copied there intellectual style. The Romans took to their hands to perfect ionize what the Greeks had started. They mastered constructing all of their buildings with concrete, and kept the essential meaning of the Greek Temples which meant they incorporated their strong symbols for power and dignity. It sure worked since this style has revolutionized the art world. As a matter of fact in 1914 El Paso, Texas build El Paso High school which has been recognized by many and for decades as a magnificent building inspired with this style.
The end of the Geometric period resulted in the beginning of the Orientalizing Period, dated between 700-600 BC. Within this time frame, Greek introduced a new innovation, the Peripteral Temple. For many years prior, a row of colonnade was used on the interior primarily to hold up the roof of the building. In contrast, columns are seen being used on the outside, creating a visual wall around the building exposing parts of the interior. With in the temple existed the megaron style, carried forward from Bronze Age homes. It was also in eastern influenced period, the first real stone temples, and terra cotta roof tiles came to exist to hold the weight on these new stone temples. The population grew drastically, introducing new techniques and styles, which blended to form designs with balance and symmetry. It was during this period, two major Greek designs were developed, the Ionic and Doric order. (Pedley, 2012: pg. 180) The Doric order, being the first and most simple, consisted of baseless columns placed closely together as the Greeks did not know how much weight the shortened columns could hold. Reason behind this was the lack of length in the columns were believed to hold less weight and therefore forced into being placed closer together. This closely set arrangement created a very bold statement in the Doric temple. The Capital, which sat on top of the concaved shaped shaft, was left plain but when grouped alongside others, suggested a bold harmony. In contrast, the Ionic order was less bulky and more delicate than the Doric order. The top of the capital is decorated with two scrolls, also known as volutes, which could have resembled a shell or animal horns. Above the capital, held room for a surrounding frieze depictin...
Throughout history, there have been several significant architectural movements. The last, and perhaps most enduring movement is that of Classic Greece. Although for centuries, the architecture of ancient Greece has been admired, mimicked, and replicated, its beginnings are somewhat surprising to one unfamiliar with the history of the region. It is important to understand the history and mechanics of Classic Greek architecture in order to fully appreciate its form, function, and beauty. “Ancient Greek architects strove for the precision and excellence of workmanship that are the hallmarks of Greek art in general. The formulas they invented as early as the sixth century B.C. have influenced the architecture of the past two millennia” (metmuseum.org).