During the late 1960s, air stewardess had the connotation that they are not just for providing food and beverage service. The advertisements of airline industries had made the flight attendants highly eroticized and an object of aesthetic and sex appeal. Needless to say, most of the passengers expected to be presented with feminine bravado (Tiemeyer, 2007). Almost all of the airlines had the female-only policy when hiring flight attendants. By 1960s, the population of males in the industry of flight attendants were just four percent. However, a major turning point occurred in 1972 by the virtue of Diaz v. Pan Am court case. The Supreme Court sided with Celio Diaz requiring all airline industries to hire men. However, due to the public connotation …show more content…
The term "emotional labor" refers to the processes involving management of feelings or emotions during the different interactions within the scope of the labor process. Aside from being motivated by gendered emotional labor, Taylor and Tyler (2000) argue that sexual differentiation is prominent within the employment sector of airline industries. The term "sexual differentiation" refers to the process of assigning and distinguishing the different types of labor according to the differences in the capabilities between the …show more content…
Given the employment statistics extremely dominated by women, it implies that flight attendants are more appropriate for females than males. According to Melissa Tyler and Steve Taylor (1998), the dominance of women in the employment of flight attendants can be thought of due to the work requiring the virtues possessed by women. Their respondents stated that flight attendants should be "caring", "patient", "thoughtful", and "helpful". These qualities are found to be more biologically natural to females than males. In other words, most of the services provided by the flight attendants are natural to women. However, Tyler and Taylor (1998) noted that although some virtues must be possessed by flight attendants, the job of flight attendants is beyond being "caring", "patient", "thoughtful", and "helpful". Being a flight attendant means not just ensuring the comfort of the passengers but also requires other skills, such as being assertive during emergency situations, knowledgeable about the various aspects of the airplane, and well-trained for the safety of the passengers. Moreover, the public may have overlooked the fact that being a flight attendant is more stressful than it
The author explores some stereotypes based on what types of jobs are more women’s type of jobs or more manly jobs. Careers such as carpenters and truck drivers are all almost exclusively male jobs, whereas careers in nursing or secretary work are all almost exclusively a woman’s type of work. Since the 1970’s, women have made head way into male dominated jobs. However, the author states that even though women have made it into male dominated jobs, this is not true for the reverse situation. The woman type jobs are still almost exclusively women’s jobs with men making little entry into them.
Therefore, the job could have been done by either of the genders that applied. For this reason, the defense of the airline company was compromised. This led to the court’s decision that the placement of discriminating conditions such as the maximum height rule and the hiring of attractive female candidates only was a violation of Title VII under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Indeed, the unlawful and impermissible discrimination exercised by the airline company denied the male applicants the above mentioned privileges and thus was a just cause of action taken by Gregory R.
In Laboring Women by Jennifer Morgan, the author talks about the transformations African Women suffer as they become slaves in America. The author explains how their race, gender and even their reproduction of African women became very important in the sex/gender system. She explains the differences of European, African and Creole and how their role was fit and fix in the sex/gender system in regards of production, body and kinship. Morgan explains the correlation of race and reproduction as well as how this affected the Atlantic World. She also explains the differences between whites and blacks and how they experience reproduction differently. Morgan also elaborates on how sex is a sexual disclosure. This gave us the conclusion on how the ideologies of race and reproduction are central to the organization of slavery.
In “Disorderly Women: Gender and Labor Militancy in the Appalachian South,” Jacquelyn Hall explains that future generations would need to grapple with the expenses of commercialization and to expound a dream that grasped financial equity and group unanimity and also women’s freedom. I determined the reasons for ladies ' insubordination neither reclassified sexual orientation parts nor overcame financial reliance. I recollected why their craving for the trappings of advancement could obscure into a self-constraining consumerism. I estimated how a belief system of sentiment could end in sexual peril or a wedded lady 's troublesome twofold day. None of that, in any case, should cloud a generation’s legacy. I understand requirements for a standard of female open work, another style of sexual expressiveness, the section of ladies into open space and political battles beforehand cornered by men all these pushed against conventional limitations even as they made new susceptibilities.
Positions of Power: How Female Ambition is Shaped by J.D. Nordell of Slate Magazine details the female disposition in the workplace. Nordell writes, “...women account for 35 percent of MBAs but only 2 percent of Fortune 500 CEOs. Women now make up 16 percent of congressional seats - and 0 percent of U.S. presidents…” (Nordell). The statistics provided above show an obvious discrepancy in the amount of influence women have in the workplace. A popular theory is that this discrepancy is caused by the influence of gender roles on the workplace - men are not taking women as seriously in the workplace. Females’ introduction into the major economy is still a relatively new concept, and the underlying archaic gender role that women should tend to the house and children is preventing women from being taken seriously by the men of the business world, and thus constraining their performance in the economy. This is further supported by the case of Ben Barres: “Recently, the transsexual neuroscientist Ben Barres, who has worked as both a woman and a man in science, noted that he is treated with more respect and interrupted less frequently now that he is a man” (Nordell). This further elaborates on the phenomenon that women are taken less seriously in the workplace. Considering the excerpts from Positions of Power: How Female Ambition is Shaped, it is easy
Modern feminists might gasp if I assert patriarchy once allowed efficient economic organization, but the tools of modern political economy unveil the mystery of why inegalitarian gender norms were once economically efficient. Evolving modes of production and material constraints necessitate an efficient division of labor guided by socialized gender norms that adapt to economic macroconditions. Gary Becker and Torben Iversen understand an economic division of labor differently given their different historical-material conditions. In his “Theory of the Allocation of Time,” Becker models an ideal economic division of labor with the household as a single entity seeking maximum utility. Men specialize in marketable skills due to a comparative advantage in hard labor; women specialize in general household skills and motherhood. Iversen’s concept of an efficient division of labor does not view the household as a single entity and instead views the individual as the basic economic unit—less gendered social norms result. Thus, as society evolves from agricultural to industrial and then to postindustrial modes of production, gender norms adapt to society’s needs and wants to yield efficient divisions of labor. When material macroconditions advance, households restructure gender norms and behavior out of demand for a more efficient division of labor. In this paper, I argue the evolution of the modes of production alters power dynamics in household bargaining, which force gender norms to conform to market demands for a revised division of labor.
Where does a boy learn to be a man and a girl learn to be a woman? If is impossible for one to pinpoint the exact moment in time where they learned what it means to be a boy or a girl. The reason? Gender roles are a result of constant exposure to gender socialization. From birth forward, we become susceptible to society’s opinion on what a male or female should consist of. The way we dress, the way we act, the choices we make, and the way we interact with others can all be linked in some way back to the gender roles present in our lives. While that may not seem like such a bad thing, gender roles can prove to be quite detrimental to the growth and development of a child. This is because gender roles provide stringent guidelines that one feels compelled to adhere to, leaving little choice and autonomy for a child growing up in our society.
Early on in the Lowell Mills, the working conditions were extremely terrible due to lack of safety and pay. The Industrial Revolution was a time that invented efficient tools to make life better. This also, was the time period of the steam engine and cotton gin that sped up the process of work. Unfortunately during these times, many people had different opinions about women working in the mills, but are these views valid? The different opinions of the Lowell Girls were women should not work, women have the right to work, and women should work, because it is the right thing to do.
Historically our society drives men and women toward different socially acceptable behaviors and careers. Stereotypically men are the capable breadwinners that choose careers as: firemen, policemen, mailmen, garbagemen, milkmen, and the list continues. However, women are the warm caregivers that may choose one of three titles: teacher, nurse, or secretary. The above career pathways have been driven by societal norms, subsequently leaving women with marginal room for vertical mobility and limited leadership representation.
Since the nineteen twenties women of America have been considered equal citizens of our country, and had to work hard in order to obtain that equality in the workplace. One may reconsider the success rate of females in America, and if they really have made it as far as popular belief may have it. Of course, American women can vote, can hold office, and they can work, which is more than can be said for some countries. But do both sexes really hold equal in the workplace regarding manners of salary and respect? Does the corporate executive world really take women seriously? These are some of the arguments made by women today that do not feel that they are being treated equal in the workplace. On the other hand, those who believe women are treated equally usually reason that differences balance out in statistics, things such as majority of teachers are women, and women also have a hold on the entrepreneur side of businesses. The voices that are still screaming come from an audience who feel that women still have a long way to go before achieving a status of total equality.
received the right to work menial jobs for minimum pay with less job security. She has
Sociological study on the gendered division of labour within the domestic sphere has perennially been characterised by evidence of a clear inequality concerning the allocation of unpaid chores within the home between men and women (Warren, 2003:734). While men have traditionally been regarded as primary breadwinners, the management of home-maintenance has remained largely women’s responsibility (Breen & Cooke, 2005:47). A number of theories exist to explain this unequal distribution of domestic labour, in particular the economic exchange model (which argues that women perform domestic duties in ‘exchange’ for financial support from their husbands), and the gender display model, which asserts that household labour is divided on the basis of the symbolic importance of gender (Baxter, 2002:401). While this paper will argue the inherent features of both models, it will also discuss the importance of gender stereotypes in maintaining the unequal distribution of household labour, despite women’s increasing involvement in the workforce. The paper will also demonstrate that the issue of a gendered division of labour holds great significance for sociological study, particularly surrounding issues of power, dominance and authority in the gender regime.
Mark these using the ISMG with no bias and all honesty - Aboriginals have been known to be treated poorly throughout Australia’s history, The Stolen Generation is known as one of the biggest issues in Australia’s history. They were taking children from families and trying to ‘whitewash’ them. The main part that proves the point is the information we have on the stolen generation, how they were treated, beaten, and forced to live in poor conditions, causing health issues and a lot of deaths. There were over 480 institutions that held the ‘half-castes’ where they were accustomed to abuse and labor. There are only 17,000 survivors today, with over one-third of all Aboriginal people being affected (Healing Foundation 2024).
These traditional roles and consequently women’s identities have been formed and maintained by the workplace, therefore understanding any gender differences in labor requires an examination in this light. Grant and Porter remind the researcher that the concepts of male and female are not independent relationships of the workplace, but have been strongly influenced and determined by the relationships of male and female in society at large.
Empowerment is the advancement of individual to control the thing that affect its life and make them more aware about the surrounding for healthy participation in decision making related to real life issues. Empowerment of Gender is used to calculate inequality among the gender. Inequality among the gender across the countries is measure by estimating relative participation of women in economic, income, political power and its status in society. It is defined, how much men and women actively contribute in decision making regarding economic and political life. It is more about to strength to do work rather than well being of women and