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Socio economic factors impact on health
How does gender stratification affect health
Socio economic factors impact on health
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Introduction
Research Purpose
What is the correlation between gender and how often healthcare is sought out by members of a specific gender? There has always been an impending social different classification based on gender. This stems from how gender categorizes certain behaviors and attitudes as something that woman would do more likely than their male counterparts would do and vice versa. The purpose of this research paper is to understand the impact that gender has on the use of the healthcare system. If no correlation is found between gender and healthcare seeking behaviors then there is no relation between the two.
Literature Review
According to Sharon Asiskovitch’s 2010 article “Gender and health outcomes: The impact of healthcare system and their financing on life expectancies of women and men” sociologist have been interested in identifying correlations between women and men. And how these differences and similarities affect the likelihood that both woman, and men will seek out healthcare. Asiskovitch (2010) wants to identify if healthcare availability when it differs from women and men if it has any impact on life expectancy of these individuals. “Longitudinal comparative data on LE indicate a central societal division between men and woman (on average, women live longer than men.) (Asiskovitch, 2010) Asiskovitch (2010) goes on to say that there are many different factors that play into life expectancy of both women and men such as biology and genetics, health-related behavior and lifestyle, and economic wealth.
According to Sanhi Maria Barreto, Alexandre Kalache, and Luana Giatti’s 2006 article “Does health status explain gender dissimilarity in healthcare use among older adults?” there is evidence that supports ...
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...ng on life expectancies of woman and men.” Social Science & Medicine 70(2010): 886-895.
Barreto, Sandhi Maria, Alexandre Kalache, and Luana Giatti. 2006. “Does health status explain gender dissimilarity in healthcare use among older adults?” Cad. Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro 22(2): 347-355.
Bryant, Toba, Chad Leaver, and James Dunn. 2009. “Unmet healthcare need, gender, and health inequalities in Canada.” Health Policy 91(2009): 24-32.
Fan, Jessie X., Ming Wen, Lei Jin, and Guixin Wang. 2012. “Disparities in Healthcare Utilization in China: Do Gender and Migration Status Matter?” J Fam Econ Iss 34 (2013): 52-63.
Roy, Kakoli, and Anoshua Chaudhuri. 2008. “Influences of socioeconomic status, wealth and financial empowerment on gender differences in health and healthcare utilization in later life: evidence from India.” Social Science & Medicine 66 (2008): 1951-1952
Wilkinson, R. G., & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Social determinants of health: The solid facts.
O Grady, M. A. (2005, May 21). In Canadian Health Care: Some Are More Equal Than Others Are. Charter health. Retrieved from http://www.charterhealth.ca/news/2005may21.html
Canadian workplaces today seem to be a fairly diverse place, with a blend of many religions, ethnicities, and genders present. However, although people preach affirmative action and melting pots in current times, many inequality and power issues still abound. One strikingly noticeable example is gender discrimination. Women in the workforce face many challenges like smaller wages, harassment, male privilege in hiring or promotions, and lack of support when pregnant or raising children. One half of the planet is women, and it can be assumed the same for Canada, but they still face judgment at work because they lack the authority to dispute against big corporations or even their male supervisor. It cannot be argued that Canadian women’s status has worsened over the past hundred years, of course, thanks to feminism and activism. However, their status is not as high as it could be. Women as a group first started fighting for workplace equality during the second wave of feminism, from the 1960s to the 1990s. Legislation was approved during the second wave to try to bring gender equality to the workplace. Feminists both collided and collaborated with unions and employers to ensure women received fair treatment in an occupation. Quebec had the same issues, only the province approached the conflict differently than English Canada with its own unique viewpoint. It became clear that women were entering the workplace and did not plan on leaving. Second-wave feminism in Canada shifted power from the government and businesses to women in order to try to bring equality, although the discrimination never completely disappeared.
Medcohealth. Women and Aging: Our lives due change (2002). Retrieved November 18, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.medcohealth.com
The Social Determinants of Health are certain circumstances that have an effect on the health and overall well being of humans and their own commonalities in terms of financial and societal situations. The reason why it is essential for us to pass beyond considering women’s health and access to health care as individual or biological problems is because women bear unique health needs yet so much health systems are not even acknowledging them. There are situations only females experience that have bad health affects, such as childbirth and pregnancy, although they aren't diseases, physiological and social tactics carry many health jeopardies depend upon health care. Gender based inequalities
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1995). Us socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annual Review of Sociology, 21(1), 349. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9509242616&site=ehost-live
Pierre, N., Pollack, N., & Fafard, P. (2007). Health Policies and Trends for Selected Target Groups in Canada.
Turrell, G. et al. (2006) Health inequalities in Australia: morbidity, health behaviors, risk factors and health service use. Canberra: Queensland University of Technology and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2006. Retrieved on March 29th, 2011 from http://152.91.62.50/publications/phe/hiamhbrfhsu/hiamhbrfhsu-c00.pdf.
Socio-economic class or socio-economic status (SES) may refer to mixture of various factors such as poverty, occupation and environment. It is a way of measuring the standard and quality of life of individuals and families in society using social and economic factors that affect health and wellbeing ( Giddens and Sutton, 2013). Cockerham (2007 p75) argues: ‘Social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is the strongest predictor of health, disease causation and longevity in medical sociology.’ Research in the 1990s, (Drever and Whitehead, 1997) found out that people in higher SES are generally healthier, and live longer than those in lower SES.
Epub 2006 Jan. Pincus, T., Esther, R., DeWalt, D.A., & Callahan, L.F., (1998) Social conditions and self-management are more powerful determinants of health than access to care. Ann Intern Med., Inc. 1998 Sep 1;129(5):406-11. Vest, J.R., & Gamm, L.D., (2009)
Steinbach, R (2009) Equality, equity and policy [online] Health Knowledge. Available at: http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4c-equality-equity-policy/inequalities-distribution [Accessed 3 January 2012]
Over the years, the social determinants of health (SDOH) have been receiving more attention due to its importance in determining peoples’ health access, health quality and health outcome. The social determinants of health have been described by various scholars as the situation or environmental condition in which people are born, or where they grow, live and work; unfortunately these conditions have continued to affect and determine people’s ability to access proper care.1-5 In other words, the SDOH continues to consciously and unconsciously influence people’s access to most opportunities in life including access to healthcare services both in developed and developing countries.2 This issues have continue to deteriorate in most developing countries increasing people’s susceptibility to multi-morbidity among different age groups, with a slight increase among the elderly.6
In addition, declining birthrates may cause people to have less familial care and support as they age. To be able to provide the necessary care for senior citizens, a government funded long term care insurance program is needed. Medicare is the federal program that provides health coverage for people who are 65 and older (Green, 2003). Although many assume that Medicare provides long-term care, these benefits are very limited and are not efficient enough to accommodate the much needed care services for older adults. For example, Medicare programs do not help pay for personal care services such as eating, dressing or using the bathroom, even though these “activities of daily life” are the most needed services for most seniors (Green, 2003).
Elder females face unique challenges in the aging process. However, it is without question, health provider must provide quality care with dignity. Identifying where the challenge arise is the first step in addressing the challenges. The structure of the female body and requirement of care creates some unique challenges from the reproductive system and social role the females play. The social role of a female life’s is illustrated in figure 3. Figure 3 has a couple of words that stand out, which are housework, children, school, and work. The female body in impact by their social role as in figure 3. For example, female suffer from osteoporosis, reproductive disorders and disease related to early care of body in which the social role
In the operation of the healthcare system, gender plays a central role. Gender discrimination in the healthcare exists either in the field of education, workplace or while attending to the patients. Interestingly, as opposed to other areas where discrimination lies heavily to a particular gender; gender inequality in health happens to both women and men. Gender inequality in the health care service negatively affects the quality of care given and perpetuates patient biases to a gender. Also, the gender disparities in the field of health assists researchers and practitioners to study conditions and their probable manifestations within both sexes.