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Discoveries of the scientific revolution
Essays on scientific revolution
Impact of Renaissance in Europe
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The renaissance was a period of intellectual movement in the Italy that became a gateway to the early modern western civilization. Starting as a cultural movement in the Italy, the renaissance spread throughout the Europe witnessing the rebirth of art, science, music, religion and self-awareness tremendously. It brought many moments with the help of intellect thinkers, inventors and explorers who helped in bringing new conceptions of life and the universe. For an instance, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei also played very important role in history of renaissance. Moreover, the publication of Galilei’s “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems” is regarded as one of the most important and influential moments in the history which shaped …show more content…
Next, he saw four moons of Jupiter revolving around the Jupiter. Although, these discoveries did not prove the Copernicus’s theory, they gave framework for thinking universe in the new terms. He thought perhaps earth’s moon also revolves around the planet while the earth orbits around the sun. His another observation was that the Venus itself had phases like the moon had, even though the planet always appeared as a bright spot from the earth. (Strano 23-9). Moreover, in “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,” the astronomer Galileo Galilei did not prove that earth revolves around the sun or rotates in its axis, but he did prove Ptolemy was wrong about the arrangement of the planets (Gingerich 141). Thereafter, Galileo wanted to Earth was moving, not the sun, and he got his answer by observing ocean tides. “Galileo explains how the observed motion of the sea is a direct consequence of the two absolute motions of the earth in space: its axial rotation and its orbital motion about the sun” (Naylor 11-5). In short, he argues that the motion of earth cause tidal waves to move. The book was popular in its time before Roman Catholic church banned it. The church had an issue with Galileo supporting
The main argument which Galileo’s opponents used against his theory was that in many places in the Bible it is mentioned that the Earth stands still and that the Sun revolves around it. Galileo himself was a devout Christian and did not mean to question God’s power or the Holy Writ with his work. As a result, to support his claim, he developed three logical arguments in his letter, which he backed with the opinions of leading Christian authorities, in order to prove that science can reinforce religion rather than discredit it.
Italian Renaissance is looked back today as one of the most important periods that has occurred in this world. It was the earliest manifestation of the Renaissance, as well it was the era of massive cultural change and achievement that started in the 14th century and terminated during the end of the 16th century. Many views of the Italian culture and society remained mostly medieval and the Renaissance didn’t fully develop until the end of the century. As the Renaissance started to develop it began in Central Italy and poured into the cities of Florence and Siena. As time surpassed it spread to Venice where the remains of Greek culture were gathered together, giving humanist scholar’s new texts. Social structure was a key part in the Renaissance
In 1543 Nicholas Copernicus, a Polish Canon, published “On the Revolution of the Celestial Orbs”. The popular view is that Copernicus discovered that the earth revolves around the sun. The notion is as old as the ancient Greeks however. This work was entrusted by Copernicus to Osiander, a staunch Protestant who though the book would most likely be condemned and, as a result, the book would be condemned. Osiander therefore wrote a preface to the book, in which heliocentrism was presented only as a theory which would account for the movements of the planets more simply than geocentrism did, one that was not meant to be a definitive description of the heavens--something Copernicus did not intend. The preface was unsigned, and everyone took it to be the author’s. That Copernicus believed the helioocentric theory to be a true description of reality went largely unnoticed. In addition to the preface, this was partly because he still made reassuring use of Ptolemy's cycles and epicycles; he also borrowed from Aristotle the notion that the planets must move in circles because that is the only perfect form of motion.
Galileo Galilei was an Italian philosopher born in 1564. As an adult, he didn’t believe the universal geocentric theory of the planets and heavens which was established by the Catholic Church. The church taught that the Earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around our planet. Another theory that the Church supported was that the Earth stood still while the sun rose and set every day. Society in the 1500’s believed that the Pope spoke for God through a divine connection and to against the church was to go against God. To speak out against the church in this time was strictly taboo. If one was to speak against the church was considered to be heresy, which is exactly what happened to Galileo. Galileo invented the telescope and began studying the heavens above and noticed that changes within the stars and planets. He noticed that the “stars” that surrounded Jupiter moved. He came to the conclusion through rational thinking, that the Copernicus’ heliocentric theory was correct. Copernicus was a scientist and philosopher whose theory proposed that the sun was stationary and the heavens orbit around the sun. Galileo tried to convince the church not to aboli...
The Middle Ages and Renaissance where worlds apart in every aspect of life. In areas of art, tools such as perspective, realism, and individualism showed the great leap in creativity during the Renaissance. Likewise, the worldly individual, or the “Renaissance Man”, was an improvement over the ignorant, spiritual man of the Middle Ages. Also, the revival of classical learning and education that occurred in the Renaissance was the exact opposite of the suppression of learning during the Middle Ages. The amount of unique advances made in the Renaissance in all areas cannot be paralleled by the progress set forth during the Middle Ages. The word Renaissance itself means rebirth, or the start of something new. Thus, with all these great achievements, the Renaissance was an era clearly distinct from the Middle Ages.
Cardinal Bellarmine’s first point is if the earth is the third planet out from the sun, and the sun is the center of the universe, it will irritate philosophers, and pose a great danger to the holy scripture. Bellarmine says “But to want to affirm that the sun really is fixed in the center of the heavens and only revolves around itself (i.e. turns on an axis) without traveling from east to west, and that the earth is situated in the third sphere and revolves with great speed around the sun, is a very dangerous thing, not only by irritating all the philosophers and scholastic theologians, but also by injuring our holy faith and rendering the Holy Scriptures false,”(Cardinal Bellarmine, as quoted in Spielvogel 485). The second point that Bellarmine makes is that in the bible it says the the sun goes around the earth, and that the council of trent affirms that, and you cannot doubt them. He says that “If your reverence would read not only the fathers but also the commentaries of modern writers on Genesis, psalms, ecclesiastes and josue, you would find that all agree in explaining literally that the sun is in the heavens and moves swiftly around the earth,” (Cardinal Bellarmine, as quoted in Spielvogel 485). He is also saying that Galileo is ignoring important knowledge that is well known and circulated by the church. The third point Bellarmine makes is because he hasn’t had it demonstrated to him how the
The Italian Renaissance occurred first, it focused on the city-states of northern Italy and Rome. It tended to be more worldly with an emphasis on secular pursuits, the humanities, and the art. It also had wealth and power, knowledge was the key. The four major themes of the Renaissance were humanism, secularism, individualism, and skepticism. Humanism focused on both secular and religious; human potential, human progress, and expansion of human knowledge. Secularism had greater emphasis on non-religious values and concerns. Individualism focused on the unique qualities and abilities of the individual person. Skepticism questioned what has been traditionally presented as true. The Renaissance changed the thoughts of many; before they would “focus on afterlife” and after on “focus on this life”, before on “the individual not important” and after “the individual is important”, before on “little focus on learning and the arts” and after “focus on learning the “Classics” to inspire learning and the arts”, before on “dark ages” and after “rebirth”, and before on “age of faith” and after “age of reason”. The Renaissance art was a reflection of
He started by improving the telescope, which allowed him to gather evidence to support his theory of heliocentrism. Galileo’s modification to the telescope allowed him to look at the “heavens” (space) at with thirty times magnification from the human eye (Alonso). He observed that Jupiter had four planets orbiting around it. This made him wonder if the planets, including Earth, revolved around the sun. Galileo’s innovations to the telescope and observations of the universe created a passion and a drive for him to prove that he was right. In his first literary work, “The Starry Messenger”, Galileo published his findings, some of which were very controversial. In this booklet, he concluded that the surface of the moon was rough and mountainous, which disproves the previously accepted theory that the moon is perfectly smooth. He also hinted at a heliocentric universe based upon his observations of Jupiter and its four moons (Maran, 3). “The Starry Messenger” was the first of many works by Galileo with the intent of disproving the conventional geocentric belief. He was intent on spreading and supporting his heliocentric views. In 1612, Galileo wrote his second work about his discoveries, “Discourse on Bodies of Water”, which, yet again was highly controversial. In his second publication, Galileo talked about his discoveries about the phases of Venus. He relates this to the bigger picture, using this as evidence to prove the validity of the Copernican (heliocentric) universe (Paolucci). He was so driven to defend the heliocentric view because he wanted to create a new type of physics and make a model of the Copernican universe (Paolucci). Galileo knew that the only thing standing in his way were the conventional geocentric beliefs that were held by the church and stated in the Bible (Paolucci). Consequently, Galileo’s next literary works were directly aimed at the church. To deal with
Galileo, was praised for his use of the telescope, propagated with his own observations and measurements and the copernican model of the Heliocentric system of the universe. This was a direct opposition to Ptolemy's geocentric model, which was supposed by the church, because Earth was naturally assumed to be placed in the center of the universe to show God's priority. This was done by speaking out against the church, Galileo made an enemy f what was arguably the most powerful entity in Europe at the time, but by using empirical evidence to support a theory, he was utilizing the
The renaissance commenced the beginning of the world of modernity. This “revolution” was centered in Florence, Italy in the midst of the 14th century. The fathers of the renaissance (known as the humanists) set out to restore the best aspects of Western civilization such as science and technology. The Renaissance symbolized the transition from the medieval dark ages, into a high point in European history. During this time, there was a shift in philosophy, thought and education. The rebirth of technology and science, the age of exploration, the age of individualism and the rise of nationalism and capitalism’s foundation all lie within the period of the Renaissance. The reason why historians call the Renaissance the birth of modernity is evident
The model that everyone believed in back then was called the geocentric model. They thought that the Earth was the center of the universe because it was basically the “greatest”. Then Galileo discovered that the sun was actually the center, and the Earth moved around it. The people were not very happy when Galileo told them this, because they strongly believed in the Geocentric model. They then had Galileo go to trial to prove his theory. He in fact won the trial and we now believe in the heliocentric model today( Paul Halsall, July 1998). The trial actually said, “ That the Sun is the centre of the universe and doth not move from his place is a proposition absurd and false in philosophy, and formerly heretical; being expressly contrary to Holy Writ: That the Earth is not the centre of the universe nor immovable, but that it moves, even with a diurnal motion” This proves that Galileo did prove his theory, and changed the way we see the solar system
The Renaissance was a cultural rebirth. It was an intellectual movement dedicated to literature and knowledge. Social and political change during the Renaissance allowed the middle class to learn thus igniting the curiosity of individuals in post unenlightened times. It was also a cultural movement of a philosophical and moral view called Humanism. This revival materialized after the middle ages and witnessed a vast interest in learning the arts and sciences. In addition, the Renaissance was responsible for the development and exchange with the new world through exploration and trade that consequently led to discovering new continents and altering the impression that the world was flat. The Renaissance produced many influential and important
Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 near Pisa, in Italy, though some records say that he was born in 1563, as the New Year was sometimes believed to start in March. His father (Vincenzo Galilei) chose his name. His family was extremely proud of their ancestors, as the name came from Galileo Buonaiuti, who was first to have the name. He had been a doctor of medicine in Florence in the 1400’s. He was so famous that the whole family had taken his name in honour. Also it was a common thing for a first-born son to be given a form of his father’s last name as his first name. His mother, Guilia Galilei, was from the Ammananti family. Her marriage to Vincenzo had certainly been a step down in the social scale and she found it hard to adapt to.
Much to the dismay of the Church, two astronomers Galileo and Kepler had the audacity to challenge the authorities by suggesting that the sun-not the earth-was at the center of the universe. The church had a stronghold on the way the spiritual and physical world worked, so these discoveries only added to the Church’s resistance to their aims. Their discoveries came only after Kepler and Galileo began to question ancient theories about how the world functioned. These ancient truths were widely held but were inconsistent with the new observations that they had made. Kepler had discovered the laws of planetary motion which suggested that the planet would move in elliptical orbits, while Galileo followed with his discovery of the principle of inertia. Galileo concluded his finding b...
This statement killed the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic theory, as their geocentrism theory asserted that everything had to orbit the earth because the earth is at the center (Hawking 1991). Advancements in technology helped convince the public and scientists to give heed to Galileo’s observations and theory. The invention of a telescope during Galileo’s time permitted him to observe the motions and movements of the moons, which gave him more scientific evidence to support his arguments. With the invention of the telescope, Galileo was able to make observations about the universe that other philosophers and astronomers were unable to make. Galileo’s arguments weren’t based solely on theory, but on irrefutable scientific evidence. Furthermore, Copernicus’s heliocentric model was just simpler to understand than Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s, so the public began to shift their geocentric mindset to Copernicus’s heliocentric model. Galileo’s observations forced people during his time to challenge the church’s authority by making science the new basis of authority (Viney). This challenge by Galileo led to a shift in mindset and required people to give more heed to scientific fact and not blindly follow the church. Galileo’s findings encouraged new thinking and encouraged people to not just listen to the church