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Steven D. Levitt & Stephen J. Dunbar, Freakonomics Chapter 4 summary
Review of freakonomics
Steven D. Levitt & Stephen J. Dunbar, Freakonomics Chapter 4 summary
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Analysis
Freakonomics tries to turn the scalpel of the analytical and statistical methods intrinsic to Economics onto questions that the authors feel do not have definitive answers. Mostly because no one thought to ask the questions that would allow us (the world at large, not Economics students) to solve the problems that would lead to the answers, the authors feel.
Because of this, Freakonomics is attended by all the problems of the so-called soft sciences. The data, and the conclusions often seem susceptible to multiple interpretations. There is a relatively large “eye of the beholder” problem with books like Freakonomics, compounded by the authors’ failure to provide (or intentional decision to omit) the data from which they draw these conclusions. Because the data is hidden, it’s difficult for the reader to look behind the curtain and determine if he would come to similar conclusions. We can’t say if they’re right. All we can do is say whether we believe them or not. Not if we agree. Faith.
Freakonomics is of those books where if you agree with the conclusions then you say: Exactly. But if you don’t, you have to take it on faith that the authors are correct and you aren’t. There doesn’t seem to be any method to debunking this, other than to call out inconsistencies. I am troubled by this, it’s almost like turning science into a religion, rather than the explanation of phenomenon that we need Science to be so we can be better, or build the better world.
That being said, Freakonomics sometimes seems to come to inconsistent conclusions. Or at least ones that definitely seem susceptible to dispute.
Freakonomics concludes that more police officers leads to less crime. They come to this conclusion they say by analyzin...
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...nd know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.” Tzu, Sun. Sun Tzu: The Art of War. [S.l.]: Pax Librorum Pub. H, 2009. And “The best victory is when the opponent surrenders of its own accord before there are any actual hostilities... It is best to win without fighting.” (Tzu, 2009)
Fate apparently was an excellent student. I mean it certainly can’t be argued that Fate isn’t inordinately successful at what she does. Moreover, according to Freakonomics (and the data) most of us never escape her machinations. Or as the Freakonomics data would likely show: Fate’s parents were well educated, had many books in the home, came from a high socioeconomic background. Makes you wonder what life would be like for all of us if Fate instead had grown up in the projects, or in the East in some poverty stricken hovel, and her parents had named her Karma.
Summary In chapter one of Freakonomics, the beginning portion of the chapter discusses information and the connection it shares with the Ku Klux Klan and real-estate agents. The Ku Klux Klan was founded right after the Civil War, in order to persecute and subdue the slaves that were newly freed. The popularity of the Klan increased in the early 20th century, around the time of World War I. In the late 19th century, the Klan had only discriminated, persecuted, and subdued Blacks, but in the 20th century they did these things to Blacks, Jews, and Gypsies.
Written by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, Freakonomics is built upon three major philosophies: incentives are the fundamentals of life, experts on a subject use their knowledge as an advantage to serve their own wellbeing, and orthodox wisdom is wrong most of the time. This book goes into detail to explain the mindsets of humans, from school teachers to sumo wrestlers, through statistics. Levitt and Dubner claim that when the data is closely examined it can relate to more concepts than originally hypothesized. The style of this informative piece is very precise yet, at the same time, very concise and to the point. The tone carried throughout the book is informative and knowledgeable. The authors use distinct tactics to get points across
Renowned economist, Steven D. Levitt, and well-known journalist, Stephen J. Dubner, in their collaboration of the book, Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, write in a mostly inoffensive style about extremely controversial topics. Levitt’s and Dubner’s purpose is to inform readers of frequently disputed topics from a purely economic standpoint. They use second person to directly speak to their readers, an impartial tone to show an unusual perspective, and contrast to provide both sides of an argument.
Any hypothesis, Gould says, begins with the collection of facts. In this early stage of a theory development bad science leads nowhere, since it contains either little or contradicting evidence. On the other hand, Gould suggests, testable proposals are accepted temporarily, furthermore, new collected facts confirm a hypothesis. That is how good science works. It is self-correcting and self-developing with the flow of time: new information improves a good theory and makes it more precise. Finally, good hypotheses create logical relations to other subjects and contribute to their expansion.
Joel Best’s Damned Lies and Statistics is a book all about recognizing statistics that are legitimate and others that are really quite horrible. The goal of this book is not that the average every day person be able to read a statistical table from a scholarly journal, but rather that anyone could personally value a statistic he or she may come across in a newspaper article or on a news program. Best was essentially effective in achieving his goal; however, he was effective to the point of overdoing his job of showing that there are bad statistics which give readers cause to evaluate them outside of hearing them on the news.
In looking at the Kansas City Patrol Experiment, it appears that adding more police officers has little or no affect on arrests or the crime rate. Please review the study and explain why more police does not mean less crime. Due Date March 11, 2005
Revealing the hidden side of life in clarity, Freakonomics draws in all economists with unmentioned assumptions which are upheld with reasoned correlation, bonding subjects that unveil misconceptions, concluding on economic pattern limitations. Effectively, they lead their audience on their conviction route as smoothly as possible. Nice job on not screwing the map up. Allowing them to achieve their goals, this was to change people’s views. By the time a person puts down Freakonomics, they have been led to conviction about all their claims because Dubner & Levitt know that in order to change someone else’s way of thinking you must change your own.
...re a lot of bad things, but in my opinion I think economists expect too much out of the US government.
This chapter's main idea is that the study of economics is the study of incentives. We find a differentiation between economic incentives, social incentives and moral incentives. Incentives are described in a funny way as "means of urging people to do more of a good thing or less of a bad thing", and in this chapter we find some examples public school teachers in Chicago, sumo wrestling in Japan, take care center in Israel and Paul Feldman's bagel business of how incentives drive people and most of the time the conventional wisdom turns to be "wrong" when incentives are in place.
Because of budget constraints, the study only used one beat to collect data on the effects of increasing police patrol. Even though money was an issue, the experiment could have yielded better data by repeating the experiment multiple times to see if the data they collected would be reliable. The experiment also took place during the winter. The report of the study even noted that there was some evidence that crime activity levels declined, just as street activity does, because of colder weather. Although the design of the study contained weaknesses, some of the methods used by the researchers worked well for this type of study. One of the strengths of this experiment was the different methods used to acquire illegal guns in the beat. By using a variation of ways to seize illegal weapons in the “hot spot,” it allowed officers to increase their chances of finding more illegal guns. Using different methods of search also could have led to greater number of potential offenders to know that officers were looking for illegal weapons and refrained from offending. Another strength of the study includes the relatively inexpensive method to try to answer their hypothesis. Increasing police patrol is one of the more inexpensive methods and it did manage to decrease the number of gun crimes and homicide in the
"The Internet Classics Archive | The Art of War by Sun Tzu." The Internet Classics Archive | The Art of War by Sun Tzu. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Mar. 2014. .
ROBINSON, Joan (1965b). “The General Theory after Twenty-Five Years”. Collected Economic Papers, vol. III, pp. 100-2.
...en Goldachre. (2011). The statistical error that just keeps on coming. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/. Last accessed 10/12/2011.
A traditional analysis gives a mistakenly high value to dollars in the future, money in the future is given the same value as money today; but in reality, money in the fu...
It is all about disagreement which should consequently lead into consensus. The importance of disagreement in scientific research cannot be overestimated. Looking from a historical perspective we can list a number of hypothesis, theories or laws which were questioned and ultimately changed due to doubt or disagreement. Physics for example has dealt with a number of controversies, including: the cold fusion theory built upon a fake experiment and only proved wrong by inability to replicate it, or Newton’s Law of Gravity contested and eventually replaced after 300 years by Einstein in his Theory of General