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Contrasting viewpoints of the crusades
Religion in the first crusade
Religion and the first crusade
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Thesis During the time of the Crusades Muslims and Christians attempted to observe and describe their experience of each other’s personal virtues and religious practices. Historical documents gathered during the period of the Crusades depict the various views held by these opposing groups. Although the encounters between these two groups of people often illustrate that they found each other to be strange or inappropriate, they also give some evidence of approval to certain virtues or practices. The tendency for each religious group to glorify itself and degrade each other’s character is also evident. Analyzing the historical documents from Christians and Muslims during the Crusades provides wonderful insight concerning how they viewed …show more content…
He describes their beauty but goes on to refer to them as “broken down little fools...” 5. He also explains that some Frankish women dressed up as men and went into battle, and that they were not discovered to be women until after they had been “stripped of their arms”.6 His statement may have been a compliment to the fighting ability of the women. However, he writes that the women warriors were desperate to “save themselves from the terror of dismay”7 and “stupid and foolish because of the harm they had suffered”. 8 His description shows that he feels the women did not have virtue and that they allowed themselves to be exploited because of it. 2.) Usamah Ibn Muniqidh, 187.
3.) Usamah Ibn Muniqidh, 187.
4.) Imad ad-Din, “History of the Fall of Jerusalem,” in Merry Wiesner, William Bruce Wheeler, Franklin Doeringer, and Kenneth Curtis, eds, “Two Faces of ‘Holy War’: Christians and Muslims (1095-1270s),” Chapter Seven in Discovering the Global Past: A Look at the Evidence, Vol. 1, 4th ed. (Boston: Wadsworth, 2012). 190.
5.) Imad ad-Din, 191.
6.) Imad ad-Din, 191.
7.) Imad ad-Din,
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In the account “Usamah ibn-Munqidh Describes the Franks” 11, Usamah Muniqidh, a physician, describes some of the medical/ religious practices of the Franks. He tells about a Frankish woman who was suffering from imbecility and the ways in which the Franks attempted to cure her. He explains that the Franks said she was possessed by a devil, so they treated her by shaving off her hair and cutting into her head.12 He explains that the woman eventually died from the treatment. By highlighting this practice, Usamah Muniqidh gives evidence that he found this particular religious form of medicine to be both foolish and
Dana C. Munro, "Urban and the Crusaders", Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, Vol 1:2, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1895), 5-8
For instance, the city was sacked by the Romans in 70 AD, which destroyed most of the city's important religious artifacts. Later, the city was completely destroyed and covered in 135 AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Rubenstein delves deeply into the background of the crusade, as many of the events and ideologies that inspired it are critical to understanding its reasoning and justifications. This sets Rubenstein apart from the Madden textbook, which begins at the council at Claremont and does not provide essential background information. Rubenstein's book serves as an excellent introduction to the history of the Crusades.
The Book of Contemplation written by Usama Ibn Munqidh is an interesting look at the relationship between the Latin Christian and Muslim cultures. Ibn Munqidh wrote this book to record the events taking place in the twelfth century; most of his anecdotes in sections throughout the book refer to the Latin Christians – or Franks – and the interactions between them and Muslims. Ibn Munqidh told of his curiosity into the matter of Franks on their first encounters with Muslim customs. He acknowledged the preconceived notions people had of the Franks during this time and wrote down these interactions Muslims had with them; this included conversations over medicine and intelligence. When Franks have lived in the Muslim community for a while, however, there is far more respect given to them by the Muslims.
A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain is survey medieval Spain, where Christians, Jews, and Muslims once lived side by side and the Muslims were in charge. The book tries to lead the reader to the conclusion that there is indeed a historical precedent for the three major religions establishing a beneficially symbiotic relationship which may be an enduring lesson for coexistence. The author, Chris Lowney, is an ex-Jesuit and holds degrees in medieval history and philosophy.
Contrary to many commonly held notions about the first crusade, in his book, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, Jonathan Riley-Smith sets out to explain how the idea of crusading thought evolved in the first crusade. In his book, Riley-Smith sets out five main arguments to show how these ideas of crusading evolved. Firstly, he argues that Pope Urban’s original message was conventional, secondly that a more positive reaction was drawn from the laity (due to the ideas surrounding Jerusalem), thirdly, that the original message of crusading had changed because of the horrible experiences of the first crusaders, fourth, that due to these experiences the crusaders developed their own concept of what a crusade was, and lastly, that these ideas were refined by (religious) writers and turned into an acceptable form of theology. Riley-Smith makes excellent points about the crusade; however, before one can delve directly into his argument, one must first understand the background surrounding the rise of the first crusade.
The First Crusade was a widely appealing armed pilgrimage, and mobilized a vast conquering force at a time when the Christian Church was moving towards centralization and greater political influence in Europe. The Church gained a wider audience more accepting of its leadership, benefitted economically, and developed its own militarily force. These outcomes, along with the Church’s documented ambition to expand and its reversal of prior teachings, support the idea that the First Crusade was a deliberate political maneuver, intended to to expand and consolidate the authority of the
All in all, this short selection of Usama’s writings does much to further the understanding of the effects on the crusades on many Muslims during this period, though since this was written by an affluent elite it does not describe much of the general populous’ experience. It also provides a good overview of the interactions between Muslims themselves. This was a time fraught with danger and division but Usama’s work shows that a common thread kept many together and preserved a civilization that still exists to this very day.
The information presented in the book Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women written by Caroline Walker Bynum starkly contrasts many modern-day assumptions about religious medieval women, suggesting that rather than internalizing the misogyny perpetuated by the men of the Middle Ages, medieval women instead relished in their femaleness and used their status in society to grow closer to God. Through the analysis of several hagiographies, amongst other pieces of evidence, Bynum illustrates the effect choosing different symbols has on the overall mindsets of men and women in the Middle Ages. Bynum’s arguments about the cultural stereotype in the Middle Ages of men as the nurtured and women as the nurturers creates a link to the religiosity of both genders, and how women specifically used their status in society to enhance their religious experiences.
Were the Witch-Hunts in Pre-modern Europe Misogynistic? The “YES” article by, Anne Llewellyn Barstow, “On Studying Witchcraft as Woman’s History” and the “NO” article by, Robin Briggs, “Women as Victims? Witches, Judges and the Community,” will be compared, and summarized.
Maalouf’s main thesis in The Crusades Through Arab Eyes is that the crusades are a major part of history and have truly influenced every one of our lives. The second pa...
God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades by Rodney Stark, will cause readers to question much of what they know about the Crusades, the Crusaders themselves, and the formidable Muslim forces they encountered along the way in liberation of the Holy Land. Stark gives compelling reasons for the Crusades, and argues that readers should not be too quick in following the lead of historians who cast the Crusaders in less than positive light. Stark makes his case supported by evidence that vindicates the valiant struggles of the Crusaders who accomplished the task of keeping Christianity alive through troubled times.
"The Crusades (Overview)." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 12 Oct. 2011.
In order for the crusades to begin, the Christians needed to gather an army to travel and fight the forces of Muslims. With all the power being held by monarchies at this time, the church needed to be cleaver in order to gain troops to put their lives on the line. To gain the support of these warriors and dedication of men, Pope Urban II (1088-1099) challenged those morals of men by telling them to grab their weapons and join the holy war to recover the land of Jerusalem. It was not the challenge that convinced men to take part in this war. The promise of “immediate remission of sins” attracted the men to stand up for their religion and beliefs while at the same time, promising them a trip to heaven when life comes to an end. With this statement, men instantly prepared for battle which in a very short period of time gave the church power which has been held by the monarchies. Men of rich and poor prepared for battle, some wearing ...
The Middle Ages did not offer women many options of lifestyles. During these times women could either be virgin martyrs and sacrifice themselves in religious rituals, or become wives and mother. None of these options offered women a real chance to live, to create, to enjoy. New options emerged, these options allowed them not only to live free of male dominance, but also to be educated and to use their creativity in areas like music, theater, science, and philosophy. These options were monastic life, mysticism and life among the Beguines. Among the women who opted one of these ways of life, were: Hrotswitha, Hildegard and Teresa of Avila, whose work was among the most famous and recognized in the Middle Ages.
The First Crusade was a well documented key event in Christian, European, Islamic and Medieval history. There were many significant literary works produced in and around the time of the First Crusade, by the many scholars of both the Muslim and Roman Catholic factions. The authors of these sources came from diverse backgrounds and religions, and therefore wrote about the same historic event with different perspectives and audiences in mind. Ibn al-Athir, a Muslim intellectual from Mosul, writes from an Islamic perspective, with his account based upon earlier sources. While al-Athir wasn’t born until some sixty plus years after the First Crusade, he expanded upon previous sources with his own accounts of wars wages against Christians under Saladin, a Muslim leader who fought against the Crusaders in the later crusades. Anna Comnena, the daughter of Byzantine emperor Alexius I, also wrote a comprehensive account of the Crusades, but from the Hellenic point of view of an Eastern Christian. Comnena was a princess as well as a scholar, and she wrote The Alexiad, a retelling of her father’s period of influence, which contains much insight on the First Crusade.