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Essays on war and trauma
Essays on war literature
Essays on war and trauma
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Sergeant X in “For Esmé – with Love and Squalor” is in England, about to go to war. He attended a three-week training course before being shipped off into the war. On his last day before being sent off to war, he decides to head into town. He stops at the church to watch the choir practice, which is where he first sees Esmé. He then goes to a tearoom and has tea.
He looks through is pocket and finds some old letters from his wife and from his mother-in-law. Sergeant X is about to go off to war. Going off into war means that he is potentially facing death. It’s a scary thing to think about and he wants emotional support. However, he is not getting that from his family. His wife writes to him about the quality of restaurant and how it’s gone down. His mother-in-law asks him for some yarn. It seems like neither one of them seem to care that he is about to go to war. They don’t seem to show any concern for him.
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He could potentially die and they don’t seem to grasp that idea. That depresses Sergeant X. His family, who he would expect to show sympathy and empathy, are not giving him what he wants. He feels unwanted and lonely. Esmé, who coincidentally ends up in the same tearoom as him, walks over to him and starts having a conversation with him. “I purely came over because I thought you looked extremely lonely. You have an extremely sensitive face.” (Pg. 95). Esmé is thirteen years old but she understands death and she understands war. She can relate to him and she understands him. Her mother passed away and her dad died in a war in North Africa. She shows Sergeant X sympathy and empathy. She is wearing a wristwatch that is far too big for her wrist. The watch belong to her father and he had given it to her before they were evacuated. She asks if he would like for her to write to him. Aside from feeling scared due to the possibility of death, feeling unwanted and uncared for by his family, he also feels really lonely because he doesn’t know anyone in England. Esmé offering to write to him is an incredibly kind thing for her to do. Esmé tells him that she hopes he returns from the war with all of his faculties intact. He goes off to war and suffers from a nervous breakdown. He shows signs of Post Traumatic Stress. His hands shake so badly that he is incapable of writing. He can’t even load paper into a typewriter. He has lost some of his sanity. His faculties are not fully intact. He gets a letter from his brother, asking him to get souvenirs. His brother does not show any concern for Sergeant X. He doesn’t ask him how he is doing, if he’s okay or anything like that. This upsets Sergeant X and he gets really angry to the point where he rips apart the letter. He later sees a package and he decides to open it. It is a letter from Esmé. She, unlike his family, does show concern for him. She also sends him her father’s wristwatch for him to hang onto for a while. Due to the war, Sergeant X has lost hope in humanity. He isn’t sure how he could possibly live normally after everything he experienced in the war. However, the kindness shown to him by Esmé gives him hope. “You take a really sleepy man, Esmé, and he always stands a chance of again becoming a man with all his fac- with all of his f-a-c-u-l-t-i-e-s intact.” (Pg. 114) Esmé shows him love and if love is possible, then maybe life is possible too. On January 26th, 1992, Jozef Pronek, from “Blind Jozef Pronek & Dead Souls”, has entered the United States of America. He’s a writer who has been invited over to the states. Throughout his stay in America, practically everyone he met told him how wonderful this country is and if he agreed. They always seemed to give off a sense of superiority, like if America was better than his home country, Bosnia, even though they know nothing about Bosnia. Pronek traveled to different states, feeling like an outsider, a foreigner, in all of them. He goes to Chicago, where he reunites with Andrea, who he had a brief fling with the summer of ’91 in Ukraine. They had been writing letters to each other since then. They were kind of like love letters but not as genuine. The both of them made what they had in Ukraine seem more significant than what it truly was. They both created these fake memories of what had happened between them, or at least they did in their letters. “Having forged a sufficient number of counterfeit memories, she suddenly invited him to Chicago, prompted, perhaps, by a news report about the war in Croatia and “tensions” in Bosnia.” (pg.155). It was a kind gesture on her behalf to invite him to Chicago. Neither of them ever thought that he would actually go and visit her. She doesn’t mention to Pronek that she has a boyfriend until they are already inside her apartment.
She lies to him and tells him that her boyfriend is aware that he will be staying with them for sometime. Andrea and Pronek end up sleeping together. He’s invested in her and imagines marrying her. “Andrea was his Statue of Liberty, a symbol of emotional freedom, a proof of the possibility that two people can be (Pronek’s italics) for each other, rather than perform love for each other.” (pg.158) Andrea gives Pronek hope. She gives him hope to fulfill his dream of this transcendental love.
Pronek finds he questions what he is doing. He questions what direction his life is going to take him. War is Bosnia is most likely going to happen so going home wasn’t an option. He has no home here in the US and doesn’t really know anyone. Andrea is his only tie to the United States. When her boyfriend shows up in the apartment, Pronek finds himself questioning what he is doing there. He’s lost and feels like he doesn’t belong to anything, or to
anyone. As time goes by, the war in Bosnia gets progressively worse and it starts to affect Pronek. His friends and family are back home in Bosnia and there is nothing he could do to help them. He starts having thoughts about life and death and the significance of people. He begins to think that if he were to disappear, that no one would notice, that nothing would change. He starts having nightmares and eventually he gets physically ill. Andrea leaves for about 2 weeks while he’s sick, which shows that she doesn’t really care all that much about him. While he was sick, he calls his parents. His dad tells him not to come home while his mother tries to reassure him that things are getting better. He has another nightmare in which he can’t seem to recognize himself. When he sees Andrea, he sees himself as a foreigner. He doesn’t quite belong but at least with her, he has some sense of identity and isn’t completely lost. He gets a job at a bakery. While working there, he tries to talk to his co-worker, Hemon, about the randomness of life and death, about how easy it is to become someone else. The thought of war slowly but gradually takes over Pronek’s mind and he beings to lose him. He isn’t able to see the point in superficial things when he knows that people back home are dying left and right. When he finds out that his parents are on the list for a convoy to leave the city, it hits him that his parents can die. Not just his parents but that anyone in any given moment in time could die. He realizes that everyone at some point will die and that it is something that is out of your control. It really freaks him out. The war and death consume his every thought to the point where he isn’t functioning properly. He starts suffering from depression, anxiety and just starts to break down. Andrea’s parents wanted to sell the apartment so he had to move out. Andrea’s mom was able to get him a job in a housecleaning agency and that job helps take his mind off of the war. He would completely lose himself in his work and forget about everything else. Three years later, he returns to Bosnia, after the war is over, and finds that everything is different. A lot of things are destroyed or in bad condition. Many of the people he knew were dead. His dad was shot with a sniper, has 2 scars on his cheeks and he now has a lisp. His dad is also too afraid to go out and wander in the streets of Bosnia. He can’t shake away the sensation that he is being watched. He can’t stay in Bosnia and the only other place he can go back to is Chicago, even though he doesn’t want to. Sergeant X and Pronek both have to deal with the fact and possibility of death. They both, to a certain extent, lose themselves. They both have difficulties seeing how one could possibly continue to live a normal life and carry out normal everyday activities when a war is happening and people are dying. Sergeant X doesn’t want to listen to the radio and Pronek gets upset in the bakery when a customer complains about the type of lettuce he was given. “Romaine lettuce, iceberg lettuce, what’s the difference?” (Pg. 186 from Blind Jozef Pronek & Dead Souls) These ordinary things seem pointless to them. Sergeant X faces death more directly than Pronek. Sergeant X was actually in the war and he himself could have died. Sergeant X watched how the people around him died. He experienced first hand the cruelty that humans are capable of producing and he loses hope in humanity. Pronek isn’t directly involved with the war. His friends and family in Bosnia are the ones who are directly involved with the war. Pronek didn’t have people dying right in front of him but he did see a lot of coverage about it on the news. Esmé and Andrea play similar roles in that they both provide some sense of hope to Sergeant X and Pronek. Esmé provides Sergeant X love, kindness, compassion and generosity. “Charles and I are both quite concerned about you…” (Pg. 113 from For Esmé – with Love and Squalor) Esmé provides him with hope that he can get better and carry out a normal life. Andrea provides Pronek with something similar. Andrea gives him a sense of something real that could happen between them. She provides him with some emotional support, empathy and love. That gives him hope. Sergeant X’s family affects him differently than Pronek’s family affects him. Sergeant X’s family doesn’t show him any compassion or care. They don’t provide him with any comfort or support. This depresses and upsets Sergeant X. Pronek’s family is at risk of potentially dying and it deeply affects Pronek. He realizes that anyone can die at any given moment in time. A similarity that these two families share that affect Sergeant X and Pronek is that they both made them feel all alone. Sergeant X’s family doesn’t show him any concern, which makes him feel lonely and abandoned. Pronek is in the US while his family and friends are in Bosnia. He has no one, aside from Andrea. He’s lonely and feels out of place.
One of the most overlooked aspects in the life of a soldier is the weight of the things they carry. In Tim O'Brien's story, "The Things They Carried," O'Brien details the plight of Vietnam soldiers along with how they shoulder the numerous burdens placed upon them. Literally, the heavy supplies weigh down each soldier -- but the physical load imposed on each soldier symbolizes the psychological baggage a soldier carries during war. Though O'Brien lists the things each soldier carries, the focal point centers around the leader, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, and his roles in the war. Lt. Cross has multiple burdens, but his emotional baggage is the most pressing. Of all the weights burdened upon Lt. Cross, the heaviest baggage is located in his own mind. Specifically, the heaviest things Lt. Cross carries are an emotional obsession over Martha's love, the physical consequences caused by his daydreaming of Martha, and an unrelenting guilt about Ted Lavender's death.
One of the main characters in the short story “The Things They Carried”, written by Tim O’Brien, is a twenty-four year old Lieutenant named Jimmy Cross. Jimmy is the assigned leader of his infantry unit in the Vietnam War, but does not assume his role accordingly. Instead, he’s constantly daydreaming, along with obsessing, over his letters and gifts from Martha. Martha is a student at Mount Sebastian College in New Jersey, Jimmy’s home state. He believes that he is in love with Martha, although she shows no signs of loving him. This obsession is a fantasy that he uses to escape from reality, as well as, take his mind off of the war that surrounds him, in Vietnam. The rest of the men in his squad have items that they carry too, as a way of connecting to their homes. The story depicts the soldiers by the baggage that they carry, both mentally and physically. After the death of one of his troops, Ted Lavender, Jimmy finally realizes that his actions have been detrimental to the squad as a whole. He believes that if he would have been a better leader, that Ted Lavender would have never been shot and killed. The physical and emotional baggage that Jimmy totes around with him, in Vietnam, is holding him back from fulfilling his responsibilities as the First Lieutenant of his platoon. Jimmy has apparent character traits that hold him back from being the leader that he needs to be, such as inexperience and his lack of focus; but develops the most important character trait in the end, responsibility.
In the short story, “The Things They Carried” by Tim O’Brien, each soldier carries many items during times of war and strife, but each necessity differs. This short story depicts what each soldier carries mentally, physically, and emotionally on his shoulders as long, fatiguing weeks wain on during the Vietnam War. The author Tim O’Brien is a Vietnam War veteran, an author, the narrator, and a teacher. The main character, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is a Vietnam War soldier who is away at war fighting a mind battle about a woman he left behind in New Jersey because he is sick with love while trying to fulfill his duties as a soldier to keep America free. Tim O’Brien depicts in “The Things They Carried” a troubled man who also shoulders the
In the two novels of recent war literature Redeployment, by Phil Klay, and The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien, both call attention to the war’s destruction of its soldiers’ identities. With The Things They Carried, we are introduced to the story of a young Lieutenant Jimmy Cross who is currently fighting in the Vietnam War and holds a deep crush for his college-lover Martha. Jimmy carries many letters from Martha with him throughout the war, and he envisions this romantic illusion in which “more than anything, he want[s] Martha to love him as he love[s] her” (1). However, a conflict quickly transpires between his love for Martha and his responsibilities with the war, in which he is ultimately forced to make a decision between the two.
...is interactions with his wife are filled with tension and he is saddened when he reflects upon the men lost during war and the death of his brother.
Lieutenant Cross is a character who, until the death of a soldier, has been very loose and not taken the war seriously. He had let his soldiers throw away their supplies, take drugs, and sing happy songs in the middle of the serious war. He was only concerned with Martha; he dreamt about being with her, and he was delighted when he received letters from her. Tim O’Brien says, “Slowly, a bit distracted, he would get up and move among his men, checking the perimeter, then at full dark he would return to his hole and watch the night and wonder if Martha was a virgin.” (p. 2) This shows how all he cared about was Martha; he was not paying attention to his real life and his surroundings. He was basically living in a world of fantasy because they lived in two separate worlds. Being unable to wake up from this dream made him potentially weak because his mind was always wandering elsewhere, never in the current situation. This made him an easy target for his enemies because if this had gone on, then he would start to fear death, fear fighting, and fear the war. He would become a coward because he would wish for the day when he could be with Martha again after the war. This would greatly weaken him and his army both, and they would most likely lose to the enemy.
...y crying not knowing what to do then he turned and peered back to the Minnesota shore line. “It was as real as anything I would ever feel. I saw my parents calling to me from the far shoreline. I saw my brother and sister, all the townsfolk, the mayor and the entire Chamber of Commerce and all my old teachers and girlfriends and high school buddies. Like some weird sporting event: everybody screaming from the sidelines, rooting me on” (58). This is when he knew he could not turn his back on his beloved country. All the wrong he felt the draft was he could not cross the border to flee from anything or anyone. This whole situation describes the rest of his life, but mainly his years in the Vietnam War. He would have to make decisions, decisions that would be hard but would have to do for the ones he loved.
Whether engaging in European trench warfare or fighting through the jungles of Vietnam, a soldier must learn to cope with the incredible mental stress brought on by the ever-present threat of a grisly death. The physical stress introduced by poor nutrition, a harsh and hostile environment, and the cumulative physical effect of emotional trauma only serves to make a trying situation even more taxing. It is out of this violently stressful environment that the coping mechanisms that characterize wartime masculinity arise.
There is something special about human beings. Human beings have the capacity to sacrifice themselves for others. Not all do it and many do just the opposite. In the story “The Things They Carried” by Tim O’BRIEN, demonstrates that statement. Jimmy Cross, who is 1st lieutenant of his platoon, is a man of integrity and grace which unfortunately starts to diminish throughout his journey. Jimmy begins to fantasize of, “love” which starts to interfere with his daily life, subsequently leading to his excess amount of emotional baggage that he carries, but, ultimately he realizes his fault and he begins to reconstruct his outlook on life tremendously.
...ed by the ancient symbol of fear, conveys the child's panic. The mother's approach is a source of terror for the child, written as if it is a horror movie, suspense created with the footsteps, the physical embodiment of fear, the doorknob turns. His terror as 'he tries to run' but 'her large hands hold him fast' is indicative of his powerless plight. The phrase, 'She loves him...' reiterates that this act signifies entrapment as there is no reciprocation of the ‘love’. It is ironic that her love is deemed 'the frightening fact'. Clearly this form of love will destroy his innocence, his freedom to think for himself, his ability to achieve emotional fulfilment. We sense the overpowering, suffocating nature of this form of love, but also the nature of American cultural imperialism, which is similarly stifling to the development of national identity and fulfilment.
In The Things They Carried, there are many emotional burdens that each solider has to withstand. These burdens are, for the most part, physically present in everyday life as a soldier, while others, like the love of someone back home, may not be as physically noticeable. The book follows the life of Lt. Jimmy Cross, the leader of a regiment fighting during the Vietnam War.
It seems that everyone’s father is going off to join the militia. Mine left to join just a few days ago. John and Timmy begged him to let them come, but Father refused, telling them, “You’re too young. Maybe in a few years, if we haven’t won yet.” It was awful, seeing him go and not knowing if he would return. I miss him already, but Mother says he’ll be all right. I’m not sure if I believe her or not. We have a lot more work to do at home now with Father gone. I don’t think the boys will be staying in school much longer. We need them more here. I personally dropped out of school several years ago.
Life can bring unexpected events that individuals might not be prepared to confront. This was the case of O’Brien in the story, “On the Rainy River” from the book The Things They Carried. As an author and character O’Brien describes his experiences about the Vietnam War. In the story, he faces the conflict of whether he should or should not go to war after being drafted. He could not imagine how tough fighting must be, without knowing how to fight, and the reason for such a war. In addition, O’Brien is terrified of the idea of leaving his family, friends and everything he loves behind. He decides to run away from his responsibility with the society. However, a feeling of shame and embarrassment makes him go to war. O’Brien considers himself a coward for doing something he does not agree with; on the other hand, thinking about the outcome of his decision makes him a brave man. Therefore, an individual that considers the consequences of his acts is nobler than a war hero.
A soldier’s “greatest fear is not death but failure, and the shame that accompanies failure. More than anything else, warriors fear letting themselves down and letting their leaders and friends down at a moment when it matters most. They fear most not losing their lives, but their honor” (Nash, 2007, p. 25).
... could not help themselves, they were not going to be helped. If struggle were encountered, men had personalized ways to reconnect with the real world, and if a tragedy were encountered which affected the entire company, they also found a combined way to cope with this pressure. The priorities of men during the war shifted greatly toward emotional connections to people and events other than the war, and it was these connections that helped them survive and return home. Coping with the stress and burden of war is not an easy task for anyone, yet in The Things they Carried, O'Brien depicts men dealing and coping as much as they can, using only their primeval resources. They learn how to cope with the barest necessities in life, and they learn how to make use of the smallest opportunities to obtain the most relief and joy from every moment in life.