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Relationship between animals and culture
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The characteristic of cultural behavior include the use of artifacts (modified object), information shared using symbols (words, gestures, book, notes, pictures, ext.), an ability to use conceptually thinking, and is learned extragenetically.
Evaluate the "termite fishing sticks" of the chimpanzees in terms of the characteristics of culture
In 1960, Jane Goodall, witnessed chimpanzees using modified stick to lure out termites. Because, terminates were not visible, the chimpanzee mentally conceived that by placing the stick into the mount termites would latch onto it. The action was not genetic, young chimpanzee learned this extragenetically from witnessing adult chimpanzee’s perform the task.
Evaluate the food washing of the Japanese
macaques in terms of the characteristics of culture. In 1953, Japanese macaques were witnessed also exhibiting cultural behavior. In particular, a macaques name Imo, took a sweet potato to a watering hole and washed it off. For the purpose of cleaning it, macaques were known for not liking dirty food. After macaques took note of how quickly Imo was able to wash her potatoes. Prior to Imo, macaques would take the time to pick of unfavorable particles. This action is considered cultural for two reasons. First, Imo did not accidently drop the potato into the water, then realize it was cleaned. Instead, she was able to conceptualize that the water would wash away the particles. Secondly, other macaques watched Imo and learned to wash of their own potatoes. The macaques failed to use an artifact. The use of water was cleave but, water is an ecofact and not an artifact. If other species have behaviors that can be defined as cultural, how is human cultural behavior different? While the chimpanzees and macaques were able to show signs of cultural behavior, ultimately they lacked the ability to share that knowledge using symbols. The ability to share their knowledge using symbols. Humans are a species that relies on sharing information using symbols. Unlike primates humans depend on our ability to use symbols to survive. Humans would be far less advanced without the ability to use symbols to pass on knowledge. For the purpose of categorizing, these primates are classified as protocultural. Best regards, Kyle
Dr. Goodall is a well-known British primatologist who has discovered a substantial amount about primates in her many years of research. She has written numerous books, including one that we will be going into depth about called, “Through a Window.” Her book contains personal experiences, research findings, and even pictures to help the readers visualize her scientific breaking moments from her thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. She states that there is are minor differences, and several similarities between humans and the chimpanzees. We will discuss these differences and similarities through their social behavior, intellectual ability, and emotions. To conclude, examine Goodall’s research to adopt what her findings can tell us about our early ancestors, and whether or not her study coincided to the steps of scientific methodology.
There are contrasts in tool kits used by different groups of chimpanzees, which seem to be a result of the environment in which they live as well as information that is shared by the group. For example, in 1973 it was reported that chimpanzees in Gombe did not use hammer stones, but those of Cape Palmas did. We will explore the tool use of Chimpanzees from the wild, including Gombe, Tai National Forest, and the Congo Basin---and contrast those with Chimpanzees in captivity in locations of Zoo’s both in the United States and abroad.
Did Jane Goodall’s research find the evidence about chimp’s tool making? Is the human the only species able to make the tool? How do you correlate this with human culture?
Ranging from animals in the present time- lions, pigs, ants, otters, apes, poultry, mantis, spiders, scorpions, mice, etc., to approximately 100,000 years ago with the early humans, Neanderthals, to the beginning of the Mesozoic Era with possibly the first dinosaur, Coelophysis (Bossel et al 2001, Defleur et al 1999). The reasons for resorting to cannibalism vary according with their environment. Some animals resort to cannibalism for survival needs, ritual activities, or protecting their territory. This essay will look at animals that engaged in cannibalism across a large geological time scale.
Quiatt, D., & Reynolds, V. (1993). Primate behaviour: information, social knowledge, and the evolution of culture. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press].
It is our cultural heritage that determines how we interact with different people. Cultural heritage is learned through the techniques of our parents, peer groups, schools, religious institutions, government agencies, media, and/or the village community. This learning process also guides the way we speak, how we dress, our lifestyle, food, value system, beliefs, artifacts, and the environment in which we live in. In essence, cultural heritage reflects ones language, ones ways of thinking, art and laws, as well as religion. In addition, learned behavior is defined as being transmitted from one generation to another through the process of enculturation.
Throughout situations and research conducted by not only Robert Sapolsky or Jane Goodman, but from many other credited sources, we can blatantly see the, if not identical, similarities between the two species of humans and baboons. The most apparent likewise characteristics of this can be read and documented in Professor Sapolsky’s book, A Primate’s Memoirs. Sapolsky, who spent hundreds if not thousands, of hours studying these Savanna Baboons, sheds a vast insight into ideas of social dominance, mating strategies, instinctual prowess, community settings, hygiene, and reform of an entire generation; many of which can be unknowingly seen directly in the common occurrence of a humans daily life.
Primate socioecology studies the impact of ecology on the social behavior of primates. A socio-ecological model focuses on the behavioural trends in individuals and the resulting social system that arises as a result (Schaik, C. et al., 1996). Another main principle of socioecology is to understand the evolution of social systems, including group characteristics and the social to mating dynamics. The theoretical framework of socioecology concentrates on the concept of traditionally largely impacting ecological factors especially predations risk and resource distribution. This framework is supported by a multitude of tests correlating with the specific predictions from the model (Kappeler, et al., 2003). Socioecology was first demonstrated in
Stanford CB. 2006. The behavioral ecology of sympatric African apes: Implications for understanding fossil hominoid ecology. Primates 47:91-101.
The purpose of this study is to allow researchers to examine the differences in tool use between species, and determine whether or not these differences support their hypothesis that various ecological and social factors are responsible for the emergence and maintenance of tool traditions. As their methods include location, terrain, fruit abundance, and tool use they are able to acquire accurate and reliable information that will help provide the researchers with the necessary data for the study. By studying bonobos and chimpanzees from two different locations, researchers were able to challenge their study with environmental factors such as climate, terrain, and food supply. As a result, their study revealed that the main difference between the two species exists in their use of tools for feeding, and that in chimpanzees tool use for feeding was frequent whereas in bonobos it was nearly
In the article Dim Forest, Bright Chimps it talks about how close chimpanzees are to humans in terms of ingenuity. The authors first start the article by explaining how chimps would use stones or branches to crack open different types of nuts and how the chimpanzees know the right tool for the job. From here they go on to talk about how these chimpanzees would work as a group to hunt monkeys and that these chimps have a different method of hunting than other chimps. The last thing the authors talks about is how similar to humans chimps are when it comes to sharing food, using tools to get a job done, and working together to hunt. The article itself uses the group of chimps studied by the authors and the work of a person known as Jane Goodall to support their thoughts. This is relevant to human evolution because it tries to relate how our early hominid ancestors and chimpanzees were not that far apart in terms of behaviour.
Herman Pontzer (Dept. of Anthropology, Hunter College; New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology) © 2012 Nature Education
Anthropologists define the term culture in a variety of ways, but there are certain shared features of the definition that virtually all anthropologists agree on. Culture is a shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior. The key features of this definition of culture are as follows. 1) Culture is shared among the members of that particular society or group. Thus, people share a common cultural identity, meaning that they recognize themselves and their culture's traditions as distinct from other people and other traditions. 2) Culture is socially transmitted from others while growing up in a certain environment, group, or society. The transmission of cultural knowledge to the next generation by means of social learning is referred to as enculturation or socialization. 3) Culture profoundly affects the knowledge, actions, and feelings of the people in that particular society or group. This concept is often referred to as cultural knowledge that leads to behavior that is meaningful to others and adaptive to the natural and social environment of that particular culture.
Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. It includes the ideas, value, customs and artifacts of a group of people (Schaefer, 2002). Culture is a pattern of human activities and the symbols that give these activities significance. It is what people eat, how they dress, beliefs they hold and activities they engage in. It is the totality of the way of life evolved by a people in their attempts to meet the challenges of living in their environment, which gives order and meaning to their social, political, economic, aesthetic and religious norms and modes of organization thus distinguishing people from their neighbors.