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Family and family structure
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Single Working Mothers: A Feminist Analysis of the “Fit” and “Unfit” Mother and the Patriarchal Gender Bias of the Domestic Environment
This feminist study will define the social conditions of the single working mother as “fit” or “unfit” for this role will be defined by traditional patriarchal gender biases in the domestic environment. Patriarchal traditions, such as marriage, define the role of mothers within the domestic sphere through the psychological subjugation of women as mothers under certain gender-based criterion. The role of the mother in the patriarchal family unit was often judged by the standards that men applied to caring for children, working in the domestic environment, and being submissive to their authority in the household. In many cases, women were psychologically and physically abused under these conditions, which judged them as “fit” or “unfit” to meet these expectations of domestic servitude within the patriarchal home. The institution of patriarchal authority in the home defines the abuse or rewards they would receive within the parameters of male rules and guidelines to be followed within this environment. These aspects of patriarchal misogyny
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This submissive role for mothers often made them economically and financially vulnerable when the male was no longer present in the family unit via divorce, death, etc: “The language of the nuclear family continues to sway our speech, crowd out equally valid models of living” (Hochman 320). These are important aspects of mothering, which define the gender bias of patriarchal marital institutions and the resulting burden that often makes it very difficult for women to be “fit” mother’s when having limited employment and/or financial options to raise their children and support the family
The concepts that Kathleen Genson discusses reinforces the analysis Kramer presented in Chapter 4 “The Family and Intimate Relationships” of The Sociology of Gender. First and foremost, both authors would agree that family is a structure that institutionalizes and maintains gender norms. Both authors would also agree that “families tend to be organized around factors that the individual members cannot control.” In Genson’s chapter “Dilemmas of Involved Fatherhood,” the most prominent forces are the economy and social expectations, both listed and explained by Kramer. Genson’s explanation of how it is unfeasible for men to withdraw from the workforce and focus more time and energy on being involved fathers is an example of the economic factors.
There is much debate on what constitutes as a family today. However, Ball (2002) states, “The concept of the traditional family…is not an immutable one. It is a social construct that varies from culture to culture and, over time, the definition changes within a culture” (pp. 68). There is a growing diversity of families today including the commonality of sole-parenting. In order to explore aspects of sole-parenthood objectively, I need to reflect and put aside my personal experience of growing up in sole-parent household. Furthermore, this essay will explore the historical origins, cultural aspects discussing the influences and implications of gender identity, and social structures of sole-parent families, as well as consider the implications in midwifery by applying the sociological imagination. Mills (2000/1959) describes the sociological imagination as “…a quality of mind that seems most dramatically to promise an understanding of the intimate realities of ourselves in connection with larger social realities” (pp.15). In other words, the sociological imagination involves the ability to consider the relationships between personal experiences and those within society as a whole.
Parsons and Bales believed sincerely that the modern family and the male-breadwinner family was the ideal family structure for society and would continue to be as time went on. However, their lack of consideration for societal change and adjustments within the American economy, made them ignorant of the burdens placed on mothers because of the patriarchal social norms they heavily supported. Thankfully their work did lead to the further development of studying the family lifestyle by not only Coontz and Hochschild but other sociologists as well. However, the gender norms they constructed must be recognized as public issues society must improve as a whole in order to ease the adjustment of both fathers and mothers earning jobs while maintaining a family.
Family structure and stability have constantly evolved and been researched in aspects of sociology. Following World War II, the family ideology in the 1950’s was brought to the attention of Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales (1955) whom demonstrated how transitioning from an agricultural society to that of an industrialization one played an important role in altering family life and structure. Parsons and Bales further expressed how gender role specialization was vital in the continuous of family solidarity. The “instrumental” male father role as the leader of the family responsible for providing the income and support as the “expressive” role which is that of the female mother delivers her contribution to the family through house work and nurture
The discipline of Sociology has long been interested in the study of human behavior. This interest grows from the sociological conception of relationships which distinguish the individual and differentiate him from other members of society. Through the ages, man has been influenced by social interaction and cultural surroundings. Sociologists have also recognized that a social institution consists of a concept and a structure, and that this structure is a framework made up of permanent relationships. The family is a social institution consisting of a certain structure. In earlier times, society defined “families” as “close-knit, internally organized cooperative units intermediate between the individual and the total society of which he is a part” (Bossard. P.31). The family consisted of a larger unit which along with the parent and children it included the grandparent, aunts and uncles. In those days, life revolved around land cultivation where the large families were essential. Today, it has a very different definition with the Industrialization of society and the influences society imposes on the family structure. Today’s family has dramatically changed from years ago many are marrying later in life due to career choices. The cultivation of land has been taken over by the pursuit of careers and the married couple breaking away from the extended family becoming an individual unit. The pursuit of careers is also causing couples to consider putting off having children until later or not having children at all. Families now are totally dependent on industries for subsistence. In earlier times, the man was the provider for the family, he spent long hours working the land and the woman stayed at home tending to the home and children. As times have become more industrialized, society has become more materialistic. This acquisition of goods has forced the family to seek work outside the home, beginning with the man spending long hours at the office to make enough money to support the family. The woman was also changing but from within the home. All the changes in society and the portrayal of what a “happy family” should be by the media have caused a tremendous strain on the family unit. These strains have taken their toll and have caused significant changes to what is considered the “Tradi...
explores not only the way in which patriarchal society, through its concepts of gender , its objectification of women in gender roles, and its institutionalization of marriage, constrains and oppresses women, but also the way in which it, ultimately, erases women and feminine desires. Because women are only secondary and other, they become the invisible counterparts to their husbands, with no desires, no voice, no identity. (Wohlpart 3).
Analyzing The Breadwinner Through the Gender/Feminist Lens In 1996 in Afghanistan, the Taliban - a Muslim extremist group - took over Afghanistan in a military coup. Women were denied basic rights, and violence and oppression were on the rise. In the film The Breadwinner directed by Nora Twomey, an 11-year-old girl named Parvana navigates life under Taliban rule, with her family including her Baba, Mama, her sister Soraya, and little brother Zaki. When her father is wrongfully arrested, she cuts her hair to look like a boy and makes it her mission to free him before war comes from an American invasion. By analyzing The Breadwinner through the gender/feminist lens, we see the themes of resistance to tyranny, tenaciousness, and inequality of
Throughout history, the roles of men and women in the home suggested that the husband would provide for his family, usually in a professional field, and be the head of his household, while the submissive wife remained at home. This wife’s only jobs included childcare, housekeeping, and placing dinner on the table in front of her family. The roles women and men played in earlier generations exemplify the way society limited men and women by placing them into gender specific molds; biology has never claimed that men were the sole survivors of American families, and that women were the only ones capable of making a pot roast. This depiction of the typical family has evolved. For example, in her observation of American families, author Judy Root Aulette noted that more families practice Egalitarian ideologies and are in favor of gender equality. “Women are more likely to participate in the workforce, while men are more likely to share in housework and childcare (apa…).” Today’s American families have broken the Ward and June Cleaver mold, and continue to become stronger and more sufficient. Single parent families currently become increasingly popular in America, with single men and women taking on the roles of both mother and father. This bend in the gender rules would have, previously, been unheard of, but in the evolution of gender in the family, it’s now socially acceptable, and very common.
Wilcox, W., & Dew, J. (2011). Motherhood and marriage: A response. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 29-32. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00786.x
Women have persistently been challenged with issues regarding what it means to be a ‘good mother’. Although times continue to change, issues confronting 21st century mothers, remain similar to the ones addressed in past generations. An abundance of mothers in the 21st century are still faced with the complex issue regarding the ‘stay-at-home mom’ stereotype, in spite of the fact that the feminist movement has provided women with more rights in the present-day, then ever before. However, while strides have been made, these changes have had an affect on society’s notion of motherhood. The portrayal of motherhood is determined by countless expectations in which society has established. Such expectancies have expanded, which now effect how motherhood is depicted in different cultures. As a whole the feminist movement has strongly influenced Western Society, which has resulted in women’s suffrage, the right to make individual decisions, and has also led to wide-ranging employment for women at more equivalent wages. However, the emergence of female employment has created a war between ‘stay-at-home’ and ‘working’ mothers, which is often referred to as ‘Mommy Wars’. In addition, female employment provides men with the opportunity to stay at home and become the primary caregiver, which has ultimately had a large impact on societies notion of motherhood, treating them differently than primary caregivers of the opposite gender. This paper will examine how the feminist movement has altered societies notion of motherhood in the 21st century in comparison to past generations as a result of working mothers and stay at home fathers.
If this were the case, feminism would not exist and it would be banned. However, being open minded to feminism and equality in general is beneficial to children because they are not biased on their parents morals and beliefs and thus the cycle of hatred and discrimination comes to a halt.This specific theme of feminism existing in households is discussed in the reviewed literature. Paglia states that “feminism might look very different in more traditional or religious societies, where motherhood and family are still valorized and where the independent career women is less typical or admired.” This very statement was the one to make me question how feminism is viewed and reacted towards in other countries where feminism is oppressed and women are expected to be housewives. Feminism is still a relatively new topic that has been taboo topic that has not been discussed due to cultural norms for a long time. Therefore, there has not been a person in particular to incite and pave the way for feminism to become prominent and feasible.All the while, there are women who do stand by this equality and seemingly inhibited
In a society with the muajority of mothers joining or returning to the workforce, there is a growing body of research documenting the demands placed on these women and what can be done to help their transition into this new role. According to the United States’ Department of Labor, in the year 2012, 70.5% of mothers with children under the age of 18 were a part of the workforce; of these women 73.7% were employed full-time, working over 35 hours a week, and 26.3% were employed part-time, working less than 35 hours a week (United States Department of Labor, 2012). Given this information, it is becoming more important to further research how this new role as an employee affects the role of parenting and what can be done to help this transition. The intent of this paper is to compare the experiences of a working mother to the current research on the topic of working mothers. Moreover, this paper addresses the demands placed on working mothers as well as the factors that ameliorate their transition into this new role.
Gender inequality has been a very heated topic for the past hundred years since the start of the women’s suffrage in the late 19th century. The Nuclear family as described by Amina Wadud, where the man would ‘bring home the bacon’ while the wife took care of the house and family, was the norm for most of the world pre and post industrial revolution. It is that ‘old world’ mentality that sets women back decades when it comes to the affairs of politics, education, and the work place. That nuclear family has changed in structure during the mid-20th to the 21st century where the roles of the mother and father are switched in the more developed countries of the world, but they scrutiny of each gender has remained the same but the same cannot be
Imagine if we still lived in a world where gender roles in a marriage were dedicated to a specific spouse and were not equal. Now, look and ask yourself, “How are those roles different in today’s world?” Gender roles have a crucial responsibility in present day marriages, and have throughout history; however, roles in and outside of the home, including child care, have changed over time. For instance, for a significant part of the twentieth century gender roles between a husband and wife in a marriage were: the man as the provider and defender and the woman as housewife and caretaker. However, in recent years, the roles have been adjusted. Having said that, gender roles may be similar to the past in some households, but in many, gender roles are quite different when it comes to responsibilities inside and outside of the home and the roles the parents share in terms of childcare.
Mothers and fathers are usually the first role models in our lives. Seeing how they act, what they do and how they talk influence us to mock their actions. Single Mothers and Their Children is a research book ...