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Agriculture and industrialization
Agriculture and industrialization
The major problems farmers faced in the 19th century
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Farmers wished that the government would stop trying to spin straw into gold and just give them some silver instead. From 1880 to 1900 agrarians faced many issues, the price of agrarian goods was too low, transportation costs were far too high, and the financial system in place became more questionable. The dissatisfaction that agrarians felt certainly was very reasonable.
Farmers faced the issue of low prices on agrarian goods. Farmer’s crop production was at a surplus. With a large amount of food more readily available for people prices began to fall. While population growth had nearly doubled during the 19th Century the amount of money in circulation had only increase by 60 percent (Doc. C). With more people food production had increased while yet the money per person had decreased. The lower cost of money made it harder
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for the farmers to make enough money to pay for better equipment to help them harvest and plant and ready the field. This caused them to seek out loans or to band together with other farmers and then buy their supplies together.
The farmers created The Farmers Alliance which spread to the cotton states after 1885. The Farmers Alliance greatly stressed cooperation between farmers. By banding together to pay for things they were able to not worry about interest that the bank might charge them, and they knew that if they needed help they would also be able to ask the other farmers. One issue though was that all of the farmers would have to share the same equipment since they all would be owners of it. This could very easily have caused tensions between the farmers if two or more farmers needed the use of something at the same time. Since farmers didn’t want to switch to industrialism they began to lose out. The historian Ray Ginger showed that in 1859 farmers had received about 31 percent of the national income but by 1889 they had only received 16 percent. Ginger also stated that the national wealth in 1860 was 40 percent but then it decreased all the way to 20.5 percent in 1890. Farmers were not at fault for the low prices on their good. They were just trying their best to make some money and do well. It was almost impossible for any farmer to control
a surplus production. Farmers didn’t know how much or a certain item all the others farmers were growing, so they just had to assume that they needed to grow enough so that way they could make enough money to keep their farms running. Farmers also were valid in their discontent with the low prices since the government could have done a number of things to help the agrarians. Farmers faced the issue of high transportation costs. The railroads were ruining and running the farmer’s lives. Farmers would have to send their crops and goods to the urban cities where their products would be bought, to send their goods they would have to use the railroads. Farmers would have to adjust the price of their goods based on the amount that they would have to pay the railroad for transportation. In Frank Norris’s The Octopus, and interaction between a railroad clerk and a farmers showed that the rate had increased from 2 cents to 5 cents. The farmer had already done calculations so that he would have a profit based on the transport being just 2 cents (Doc H). The farmers were upset by events similar to these and rightly so. The railroad system was under a monopoly and then could set obnoxiously high prices that were pushing the farmer’s into poverty. Railroads would take the goods that the farmers had produced and then they would sell the goods to consumers at a higher price keeping the profits for themselves (Doc F). This was cheating the farmers out of the money that they deserved. Farmers who were not able to raise enough money each season were forced to foreclose on their farms. 100,000 farms were foreclosed in Nebraska alone. Farmers were rightly disheartened since they had worked so hard and had nothing to show for it. While America had been based on a capitalist nation they everyday man striving for the American dream were being crushed out by the monopolies.
From the expanding of railroads country wide, to limiting laws on the goods farmers sold and transportation of the goods,to starvation of the economy, agriculture began to take its own shape from 1865 through to 1900 in the United States.
Through the period of 1865-1900, America’s agriculture underwent a series of changes .Changes that were a product of influential role that technology, government policy and economic conditions played. To extend on this idea, changes included the increase on exported goods, do the availability of products as well as the improved traveling system of rail roads. In the primate stages of these developing changes, farmers were able to benefit from the product, yet as time passed by, dissatisfaction grew within them. They no longer benefited from the changes (economy went bad), and therefore they no longer supported railroads. Moreover they were discontented with the approach that the government had taken towards the situation.
The Roaring Twenties approached and the citizens in Colorado were facing rough times. In 1920, many people such as farm owners, manufacturers, and even miners were having a hard time making a living due to an economic downfall. The farmers especially, where facing the toughest of times. The price of various farm-grown goods like wheat, sugar beets, and even cattle was dropping because their goods were no longer needed by the public. Wheat had dropped in price from $2.02 in 1918 to $0.76 by the time 1921 came around. Sadly, the land that they were using to grow wheat became dry and many farmers had to learn to grow through “dryland farming” which became very popular in the eastern plains from 1910 to 1930 (Hard Times: 1920 - 1940). Apple trees began to die due to the lack of desire for apples, poor land, and decreased prices. Over the course of World War I, the prices of farm goods began to increase slowly. Farmers were not the only one facing this economic hardship while others in big cities were enjoying the Roaring Twenties.
Farmer’s discontent during the period 1870 – 1900 had an impact on their attitudes and actions towards politics. During this period manufacturing had a growth spurt and agricultural started to decline. This made it harder for the farmers to make a decent living. For example in document G it shows how much manufacturing increased between the 50 years. America could no longer dream to be a nation of small freehold farms. Manufacturers and people living in big cities depended on farmers to supply everything. Many people didn’t realize how much of an affect farmers had on their lives. If somebody was to take farms away, everything would have completely crashed.
In 1919, farmers from thirty states, including Missouri, saw a need. They gathered in Chicago and formed the American Farm Bureau Federation. In 1919, they had one goal, they wanted to speak for themselves with the help of their own national organization. Since 1919, Farm Bureau has operated by a philosophy that states: “analyze the problem of farmers and develop a plan of action for these problems” (Missouri). In the past 94 years, the A...
Farmers everywhere in the United States during the late nineteenth century had valid reasons to complaint against the economy because the farmers were constantly being taken advantage of by the railroad companies and banks. All farmers faced similar problems and for one thing, farmers were starting to become a minority within the American society. In the late nineteenth century, industrialization was in the spotlight creating big businesses and capitals. The success of industrialization put agriculture and farmers on the down low, allowing the corporations to overtake the farmers. Since the government itself; such as the Republican Party was also pro-business during this time, they could have cared less about the farmers.
The period between 1880 and 1900 was a boom time for American Politics. The country was finally free of the threat of war, and many of its citizens were living comfortably. However, as these two decades went by, the American farmer found it harder and harder to live comfortably. Crops such as cotton and wheat, once the sustenance of the agriculture industry, were selling at prices so low that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them. Furthermore, improvement in transportation allowed foreign competition to materialize, making it harder for American farmers to dispose of surplus crop. Mother Nature was also showing no mercy with grasshoppers, floods, and major droughts that led to a downward spiral of business that devastated many of the nation’s farmers. As a result of the agricultural depression, numerous farms groups, most notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what the farmers saw as the reasons for the decline in agriculture. During the final twenty years of the nineteenth century, many farmers in the United States saw monopolies and trusts, railroads, and money shortages and the loss in value of silver as threats to their way of life, all of which could be recognized as valid complaints.
Most of the reasons concerning agrarian discontent in the late nineteenth century stem from supposed threats posed by monopolies and trusts, railroads, money shortages and the demonetization of silver, though in many cases their complaints were not valid. The American farmer at this time already had his fair share of problems, perhaps even perceived as unfair in regards to the success industrialized businessmen were experiencing. Nevertheless, crops such as cotton and wheat, which were once the staples of an agricultural society, were selling at such low prices that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them, especially since some had invested a great deal of money in modern equipment that would allow them to produce twice as many goods. Furthermore, improvements in transportation allowed foreign competition to emerge, making it harder for American Farmers to not only dispose of surplus crop, but to transport crops period. Finally, years of drought in the Midwest and the degeneration of business in the 1890's devastated many of the nation's farmers, and as a result of this agricultural depression' many farm groups, most notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what farmers saw as the reasons for the decline of agriculture.
The 1920’s were the singularly most influential years of farming in our country. The loss of farms following the war, and new agricultural practices resulted in the dawn of modern agriculture in our country. The shift from small family to big corporation during this time is now the basis for how our society deals with food today. Traditional farming in the 1920’s underwent a series of massive transitions following WWI as the number of farms decreased and the size of farms increased.
With the economic system, the south had a very hard time producing their main source “cotton and tobacco”. “Cotton became commercially significant in the 1790’s after the invention of a new cotton gin by Eli Whitney. (PG 314)” Let alone, if they had a hard time producing goods, the gains would be extremely unprofitable. While in the North, “In 1837, John Deere patented a strong, smooth steel plow that sliced through prairie soil so cleanly that farmers called it the “singing plow.” (PG 281).” Deere’s company became the leading source to saving time and energy for farming as it breaks much more ground to plant more crops. As well as mechanical reapers, which then could harvest twelve acres a day can double the corn and wheat. The North was becoming more advanced by the second. Many moved in the cities where they would work in factories, which contributed to the nation’s economic growth because factory workers actually produced twice as much of labor as agricultural workers. Steam engines would be a source of energy and while coal was cutting prices in half actually created more factories, railroads for transportation, and ships which also gave a rise in agricultural productivity.
Without farmers, there would be no food for us to consume. Big business picked up on this right away and began to control the farmers profits and products. When farmers buy their land, they take out a loan in order to pay for their land and farm house and for the livestock, crops, and machinery that are involved in the farming process. Today, the loans are paid off through contracts with big business corporations. Since big business has such a hold over the farmers, they take advantage of this and capitalize on their crops, commodities, and profits.
During World War One farmers worked hard to keep their pockets full, but when prices fell it got tougher to pay off debt, and household expenses. Prices dropped so low in the 1930’s many had to file bankruptcy or close their farm. The price of corn fell so much that a bushel was only worth around ten cents. Families couldn’t even afford to fill their fires with coal anymore. Coal was replaced by corn, and it was not uncommon for the countryside to have a popcorn stench.
It is to be noted that farmers in England are among the most productive farmers in the world. The new methods of farming brought mass production in the early 18th century, leading to the Agricultural revolution. “In the early eighteenth century, Britain exported wheat, rising from 49,000 quarters in 1700 to a massive peak of 950,000 quarters in 1750”. The whole benefit of the Agricultural revolution was shared among aristocratic landholders. They were the only top authorities, as the English throne was already overthrown by the aristocratic class in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution.... ...
Sitting in the back seat between two towering piles of clothes and snacks we drive up the abandoned streets of Adell. I see vast open fields of corn and dense wooded forest filled with life, along with the occasional, towering grain house. We pull into a dry, dusty, driveway of rock and thriving, overgrown weeds. We come up to an aged log cabin with a massive crab apple tree with its sharp thorns like claws. The ancient weeping willow provides, with is huge sagging arms, shade from the intense rays of the sun. Near the back of the house there is a rotten, wobbly dock slowly rotting in the dark blue, cool water. Near that we store our old rusted canoes, to which the desperate frogs hop for shelter. When I venture out to the water I feel the thick gooey mud squish through my toes and the fish mindlessly try to escape but instead swim into my legs. On the lively river banks I see great blue herring and there attempt to catch a fish for their dinner. They gracefully fly with their beautiful wings arching in the sun to silvery points.