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Recommended: Impact of disaster on human life
Risk factors in family resilience
The concepts of threats to the durability studies have many similarities both in individual and family level (Evans, Li, & Whipple, 2013). This is because children and families often face common challenges such as poverty or challenges are interrelated. For example in the case of domestic violence between two people, often co-exist and a violent situation and to other members, that can lead to child abuse (Tolan, Gorman-Smith, & Henry, 2006). Also, serious threats to family efficiency raising risks to the resilience of children and due to internal (eg, maternal depression, domestic violence) and external causes (eg a natural disaster, financial weakness) (Masten & Monn, 2015).
As mentioned above for children,
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Specifically, parenting, the parenting practices play an important role in facing families experiencing adversity (Torres Fernandez, Schwartz, Chun,
& Dickson, 2013).
In the view of Masten et al (2011) that the resistance involves skill, process and result, Gavidia-Payne, Denny, Davis, Francis, & Jackson (2015) define parental resilience "as the ability of parents to provide adequate and quality upbringing for their children despite the adverse personal, family and social conditions (p. 3). To qualify as a parent as resistant should use the experiences that has lived as resources, such as skills and knowledge to address various problems in parenting. (Referred to Gavidia-Payne et al, (2015).
Parental bond
According to Klaus and Kennell (1976), the attachment is not a bond, and the term "bond" refers to the relationship (bond) of the parent with the child obtained through physical contact, at a critical time in his life infant. This concept has nothing to do with the attachment, but many professionals and not confuse these two concepts and alternately use each other. But the difference between these two concepts in accordance with the above researchers, is that the link has not been established that can predict the emotional and social outcome of the child, as opposed to the adhesion (as referred to Benoit,
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This is perceived by the reports of Aber, Belsky, Slade, & Crnic (1999) emphasizing that the mother's ability to successfully undertake its role, affects the quality of attachment. Its role therefore characterized in sensitivity and rapid response to the child's needs, components that create a quality bond and result in secure attachment (Van Egeren, Barratt & Roach, 2001).
attachment theory
The attachment theory describes the development of consistent standards in childhood that influence the individual throughout his lifetime. Many important researchers developed individually different points of this theory. It will become one of key concepts and researchers who founded and developed further this theory.
The attachment theory
Relationships are the building block for personality and are significant in children’s ability to grow into substantial individuals who can thrive in an often harsh world. Constructing lasting and fulfilling relationships is an integral part to development as the interpersonal bonds forged are not only highly sought after but also set the ground work for all upcoming expressive interactions. Relationships and attachment go hand in hand as attachment is the strong and lasting linkage established between a child and his or her caregiver. Moreover, attachment significantly influences a large capacity of ones make up as it these first relationships that teaches morals, builds self-esteem, and develops a support system. The pioneers of Attachment Theory realized early on that human beings are not solely influenced by drives but that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers greatly impact their ability to forge lasting relationships later in life. John Bowlby was first to introduce this theory to the masses in the 1950’s, and later Mary Ainsworth conducted further research to expand on Bowlby’s theory which proclaims that attachment is a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). The attachment bond theory by both Bowlby and Ainsworth focuses on the significance of the relationship between babies and their caretakers which research has suggested is accountable for influencing impending interactions, firming or injuring our capabilities to concentrate, being aware of our emotional states, self-soothing capabilities, and the capacity to be resilient in the face of hardship. Additionally, this research has provided a framework for assisting in describing these att...
The attachment theory, presented by Mary Ainsworth in 1969 and emerged by John Bowlby suggests that the human infant has a need for a relationship with an adult caregiver, and without a subsequent, development can be negatively impacted (Hammonds 2012). Ainsworth proposes that the type of relationship and “attachment” an infant has with the caregiver, can impact the social development of the infant. As stated by Hammonds (2012), attachment between a mother and a child can have a great impact on the child 's future mental
According to Kagan et al. (1978) attachment is defined as “An intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time, and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow” the definition shows attachment is important in life, and is said that our first attachment is very crucial to our development towards other relationships, e.g. with other family members, friends, and romantic relationships. Bowlby (1973) presented that newly born humans are vulnerable and they are genetically programmed to behave in certain ways to ensure survival, and also states mothers inherit a ‘genetic blueprint’ to respond to the baby at all times. The child’s attachment to their mothers will determine how close they are, and how the child acts around strangers, usually giving off any social responses in reaction to being scared, ill or in unfamiliar...
Admittedly, many psychologists define attachment as an enduring, affectionate bond that one person forms between himself and another person throughout life. Mary Ainsworth provided the most famous research: strange situation, offering explanations of individual differences in attachment. However, in this Adult Attachment Style questionnaire that I took, I found many factors relevant to attachment as defined in the textbook. For example, in the textbook, it defines attachment based on Ainsworth research, the strange situation by observing attachment forms between mother and infants. They are described in four attachment styles: securely attached, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant, and insecure disorganized.
Infant attachment is the first relationship that occurs between infants and their mothers or other primary caregivers (Craig & Dunn, 2010). The mother-infant attachment begins at birth and is considered by a group of...
The life course and systems perspective provides building blocks for understanding positive development during middle childhood. As parents and social workers, we must recognize that resilience is seldom an instinctive characteristic; rather, it is a process that is facilitated by influences within the child’s surrounding. Research suggest that high-risk behaviors among children increases when children perceives declining family involvement and community supports. Therefore, the primary goal of parents and professionals is to dedicate to the child’s well-being positive internal and external supports that promote maximal protective factors, while minimizing risk factors for optimal developmental transitions. Chapter 5 of Elizabeth D. Hutchinson, Dimensions of Human Behavior The Changing Life Course 3rd, 2008.
Infant attachment is the first relationship a child experiences and is crucial to the child’s survival (BOOK). A mother’s response to her child will yield either a secure bond or insecurity with the infant. Parents who respond “more sensitively and responsively to the child’s distress” establish a secure bond faster than “parents of insecure children”. (Attachment and Emotion, page 475) The quality of the attachment has “profound implications for the child’s feelings of security and capacity to form trusting relationships” (Book). Simply stated, a positive early attachment will likely yield positive physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development for the child. (BOOK)
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adjusting enough in the presence of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or major sources of stress such as financial and workplace problems, family/ relationship problems, and severe health problems or workplace and financial stressors (American Psychological Association, 2013).
In class, we learned that family resilience is a family’s ability to bounce back after dealing with a harsh situation. Elasticity and buoyancy are two essential pieces in family resilience. Elasticity means the family is able to conserve their established patterns after dealing with a harsh situation. On the other hand, buoyancy is the family’s ability to rapidly recover from a tough situation. Reading this article, helped me realize that both, families and children, need social support in order to build resilience. In fact, this article states that children need school and community support when trying to overcome a hardship. In addition, the textbook and the article provide similar ways which adults, especially teachers, can help children be more resilient. For example, both state that teachers should focus more on their students’ strengths and less on their
Attachment, which is made of values and norms, and receives the most attention rather than any other element. Attachment usually begins at birth with the mother. Bonds or attachments at an early age help to establish future attachments with other family members, peers, teachers, etc. Parental attachment plays a strong part in an individual’s life. When parental attachment is reduced then delinquency acts are increased. Individuals with strong attachments are more likely to be respectful and refrain from deviant behavior (Brown, Esbensen, and Geis,
Psychologist, Mary Ainsworth expanded upon Bowlby's original work. She conducted a study labelled the ‘Strange Situation’. In the study, based upon the children’s reactions, Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. Work by Stroufe and Waters in 1977, further supported Ainsworth's attachment styles and have indicated that attachment styles also have an impact on behaviours later in life (Birns, 1999, p. 13). Researchers have found strengths in attachment patterns established early in life can lead to a number of outcomes. For example, children who are securely attached as infants tend to develop stronger self-esteem and better self-reliance as they grow older. These children also tend to be more independent, perform better in school, have successful social relationships, and experience less depression and anxiety (Birns, 1999, p. 13).
Attachment is an important aspect through the developmental stages of a child. It is the process through which an individual develops specific bonds with others (). John Bowlby theorized Attachment Theory, which focuses on a behavioral system that demonstrates the response of an adult when a child signals which can lead to a strong trusting relationship (). Through attachment infants develop strong emotional bonds with others, which can result in a more positive outcome later in life.
We these elements were broken, weakened or deviated in any way a crime might result. The Social Bond theory should start from the time a child is about to understand that they need relationships with things and people. Attachment is described as the level of values and or norms that an individual holds in society. Attachment is believed to be important when it comes to the parentage. Children should become attach to school and classmates.
Strengthening Family Resilience Family resilience can be described as the successful coping of family members under adversity that enables support and cohesion within the family (Walsh, 2006). According to the research, resilient families typically have many of the following protective factors: positive outlook, spirituality, family member accord, flexibility, family communication, financial management, family time, shared recreation, routines and rituals, and outside support networks (Walsh, 2003). These protective factors not only serve as a function within the family structure, but are a factor in the therapeutic process. The family resilience perspective in therapy shifts away from a deficit-based lens that views struggling families as
Yet others may experience harmful factors such as childhood illnesses or child abuse that may have an impact on their lives. Being exposed to moderate stressors and risks can result in children developing effective coping strategies and resilience (Rutter, 1981), Resilience is defined as a dynamic development process where one reacts more positively than