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Childhood trauma and brain development
Childhood trauma and brain development
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This issues of trust for those diagnosed with DID stems from the mistrust they build during traumatic experiences. When the caregiver fails to protect a child from severe trauma, the child begins to develop a sense of mistrust for others and the environment. Their representation of the abuser whom is supposed to provide love, become the representations of others, thus creating fallacies regarding other individuals. There is a predisposing idea that everyone instills hurt due to their experiences of abuse. During early development, children often learn to gain trust for their caregivers by attunement and healthy connections build between mother and child. As such, individuals who lacked parental guidance and investment during infancy due to …show more content…
Compared with all other children, sexually abused children represented others more frequently as liking them, and compared with physically abused children, expressed more frequent wishes to be close to others (Waldinger & Toth, 2011). This may explain the attention seeking behaviors manifested through promiscuity among those with DID. The sexual trauma endured during childhood produced unhealthy relational connections with others. This suggests the difficulty of sustaining healthy sexual relations during adulthood. Emotional attachment to others in the form of sexual behaviors, may explain the symptomology of promiscuity such as low self-worth and poor self-efficacy. Sexual adjustment may also be a concern for those who have experienced sexual trauma during childhood. While some desire attention, others may find it difficult to engage in relations with others due to mistrust, as previously mentioned. Establishing a relationship with a partner become challenging for those who are have lost a sense of …show more content…
First, the dorsal and lateral areas of the prefrontal cortex underline inhibition and control. Research studies have suggested that “early stress has been associated with changes in the structure of the hippocampus, which plays a critical role in learning, memory, and stress regulation” (Vermetten, Schmahl, Linder, Loewenstein, Bremner, 2006). Dysfunctional regulation of the brain is influenced by traumatic experiences, this explains the neurobiology of individuals with DID. The onset of dissociative identity disorder is characterized by trauma which effects brain functioning. “Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that adults with a history of childhood physical/sexual abuse have smaller hippocampal size, relative to healthy comparison subjects” (Vermetten, et. al, 2006). Because dissociative identity disorder evolves from traumatic childhood experiences, it is suggested the size of the hippocampal among those with DID is reduced. “Brain imaging studies have found that the communication pattern between parent and child shapes the way the child’s attachment system adapts to experiences with the attachment figure, literally hardwiring the child’s brain” (Farber,
In each stage, there is a crisis of two opposing emotional forces (McLeod, 2013). From birth to age one is Erikson’s stage of trust vs. mistrust. If taken care of well and protected, a child will achieve a healthy balance of trust and mistrust. Even though Precious’s physical abuse did not start until she was three, there is a high chance that her living environment was not surrounded by safety and love. Precious may have developed mistrust because later on in her life she because suspicious of others and was not able to connect because of an overwhelming sense of fear and inability to trust.
Many etiological theories exist attempting to explain the root causes of sexual offending. Although few provide substantial evidence and no definitive conclusions have been made, the social learning theory has been proposed to account for sex offending behaviors. Specifically, the social learning theory, or victim-to-victimizer theory, suggests sexually abused children learn these behaviors and are much more likely to perpetrate abuse when they’re older (Seto & Lalumiere, 2010). The following studies have provided substantial support for the social learning etiology. Through the use of a meta-analysis, Seto and Lalumiere (2010) concluded that sexual offending is tied to prior sexual abuse. Burton, Miller, and Shill (2002) discovered significant differences between sexual offending and nonsexual offending adolescents in the areas of sexual abuse. Lastly, Burton (2003) determined that sex offender’s methods of abuse mimicked that which was done to them. The introduction, method, results, and discussion of each study is addressed and the link between prior sexual abuse and future sex offending behaviors become apparent.
This theory asserts that pedophiles see themselves as children, and in turn feel most comfortable with children (Batrol & Batrol, 2014, p. 394). McaPhil and colleagues (2013) found that high emotional congruence with children was most strongly associated with sexual pre-occupation in which sex was used as a means to cope with negative emotions as well as deviant sexual interests and cognitions that support child molestation. Loneliness and social rejection were also found to be associated with emotional congruence with children. In support of previous theories, emotional congruence with children was also associated with problems in sexual self-regulation. Moreover, Stinson et al. (2008) found that self-regulatory deficiency was a significant causal predictor of both sexual deviance and anti-social
The effects of childhood sexual abuse carry on with the children forever. To what extent and to what effect does abuse have on children during adulthood? What are the main issues that adults have been abused suffer from in adulthood? Do they have more of a physical issue with preforming with their partner in the bedroom or do they have more of a mental block due to their trauma? The world had been asking these questions for far too long and we need answers on how helping the children of our world. The questions that have been stated have been answered through the two articles that will be summarized below.
Based on an article by the National Alert Registry by Dr. Herbert Wagemaker, four percent of the population suffers from sexual orientation toward children. In 1999, 93,000 kids were sexually abused. 50% of the abusers were parents of th...
Moreover, Complex trauma is a leading factor in many health issues and diagnoses such as ADHD, ADD, Anxiety disorder, Borderline disorder, depression, bipolar, and PTSD. The list of possible diagnoses is endless, and finding proper treatment is a struggle. In 2013, a Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) was proposed, with a complete diagnosis description and criteria, for consideration for the DSM-5. But unfortunately, even with 20-year supporting research accompanying the proposal, the disorder still goes unrecognized as a formal diagnosis (Kilrain
Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) was a proposed by Van der Kolk and D’Andrea (2010). The premise of DTD is based on research data of individuals involved in several research studies. According to Van der Kolk and D’Andrea (2010), DTD is the result of living in a fear-based environment which includes, poor treatment by primary caregivers, instability, and neglect. This type of inadequate treatment is often hidden, meaning it is may not be visible on the surface. Neglectful caregiver-infant relationships perpetuate DTD. These interactions relay the message to the infant or child that the world is not safe, is threatening, and is unreliable. This lack of emotional safety is often as damaging as lack of physical safety (Van der Kolk & d’Andrea,
Sexual abuse cannot be clearly defined with ease. In fact, sexual abuse is an umbrella term for any sort of situation, whether or not it involves physical contact, in which a sexually immature child is exposed to anything sexual in nature. Because no child is psychologically mature enough for sexual stimulation, the complex feelings associated with it are mentally and emotionally disfiguring. Children who have been sexually abused experience an array of negative emotions such as shame, guilt and anger, and may display oddly withdrawn or distrustful behaviors. They cannot help but feel that they somehow brought the abuse unto themselves (Saisan, et al). One major contributing factor to these severe psychological consequences is the concept of trust. Sexual abuse is, in most cases, committed by a parent or other trusted adult figure. While children are naïve on such adult topics, they can still get an overwhelming feeling that the attention is wrong, yet they are unsure of how to cope with it. If the child has an emotional atta...
Adolescents who are physically abused are likely to question the intentions or others as well as develop bias perceptions of social processes. A study showed that "Inmates who were child victims were more than twice as likely as inmates who were adult victims to report having suffered prior instances of physical or sexual abuse. The differences were particularly striking with respect to sexual abuse. While an estimated 22% of child victimizers reported having been sexually abused, less than 6% of adult victimizers reported such backgrounds” (Ards et al, 2001). Not only are victims of sexual abuse more likely to enact sexual violence against others they are also likely to engage in prostitution.
Many researchers link behavioral problems in adulthood to childhood abuse. One researcher says that "An adult who was sexually abused as a child has a greater chance of becoming violent, suicidal, and abusive to their children than an adult who was not abused sexually as a child" (Kliest 155). These characteristics could hinder a victim from living a normal lifestyle and having a family. Kliest also states, "Adults who were abused sexually as children will have a greater chance than those who were not of experiencing sexual dysfunction, such as flashbacks, difficulty in arousal, and phobic reactions to sexual intimacy" (156). Many researchers agree that childhood sexual abuse has a negative effect on an adult's personal relationships. Another researcher states, "A history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) appears to have an adverse impact on the quality of adult intimate relationships, and they report avoiding the development of close adult relationships because of their fear of rejection" (Whiffen 1103).
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that experiencing child abuse can lead to a range of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems” (Moylan, 2010). Precious’s internalization of depression and emotional numbing are all factors that contribute to her self-concept. Study shows that “childhood sexual abuse has been correlated with higher levels of depression, guilt, shame, self-blame, eating disorders, somatic concerns, anxiety, dissociative patterns, repression, denial, sexual problems, and relationship problems” (Hall, 2011). The implications of sexual abuse are often detrimental to the mental state of an adolescent. Psychiatric evaluations show that Precious suffers from symptoms of PTSD and Major Depression
Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of "...at least two separate ego states, or alters, different modes of being and feeling and acting that exist independently of each other, coming forth and being in control at different times" (Davison and Neale 180). "Each personality is fully integrated and a complex unit with unique memories, behavior patterns, and social relationships that determine the nature of the individual's acts when that personality is dominant" (Breiner 149). While psychologists now recognize childhood abuse as a precipitant of DID, the general public is, for the most part, unaware of the strong, almost universal connection. "The vast majority (as many as 98 to 99%) of DID individuals have documented histories of repetitive, overwhelming, and often life-threatening trauma at a sensitive developmental stage of childhood" (DID (MPD) 2). The two main types of abuse that occur are sexual, involving incest, rape, molestation, and sodomy, and physical, involving beating, burning, cutting, and hanging. Neglect and verbal abuse are also contributing factors. DID is more common among women, probably because females are more frequently subjected to sexual abuse than males.
Firstly, someone who has developed DID may be more likely to pass it down to their children. This is done through genetics, as well as similar actions, such as alcoholism, abuse (physical or emotional), etc. For example, if someone was abused as a child, they are statistically more likely to become an abuser as well, the same pattern is in place for DID. If someone was abused as a child and developed DID, they are more likely to abuse their child who in turn is more susceptible to developing the disorder as well. This occurs because children learn how to behave by watching others. They learn from certain individuals more than others, such as their parents and thus repeat the actions of the parents. It was concluded that “...there is evidence that people with trauma disorders have higher rates of alcoholism, chronic medical illnesses, and abusiveness in succeeding generations.” (Sidran Found...
This paper will cover the hippocampal abnormalities and the effects of emotional and traumatic events in DID patients. Causes of DID are not understood, but 90 to 95 percent of patients report childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. Many therapists believe that the individuals generate alternate personalities or “alters” as a front line defense against prolonged emotional stress. The “alters” give an escape among other things. (Garrett, B 2014, p. 508). Emotion and trauma do a lot to a persons brain processing and structure. In the article “Abnormal Hippocampal Morphology in Dissociative Identity Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Correlates with Childhood Trauma and Dissociative Symptoms” they explored hippocampal morphological correlation of childhood traumatization and dissociative symptoms in both dissociative identity disorder (DID) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. It was hypothesized that (1) both DID and PTSD patients compared to healthy control would have smaller global hippocampal volume, regional volumetric abnormalities and shape deformations in different hippocampal subfields, (2) global hippocampal volume, regional volume
It is most important to understand that children and teens of all racial, religious, ethnic, gender and age groups, at all socio-economic levels are sexually abused. Although there are risk factors that may increase the possibility of sexual abuse, sex abuse can be found in all types of families, communities, and cultures (The Scope of, 2016). Childhood sexual abuse is an important issue to address because the impact of sexual does not end when the abuse ends. Childhood trauma follows into adulthood and can have long-range effects. “Survivors of sexual abuse are at significantly greater risks for severe and chronic mental health issues, including alcoholism, depression, anxiety, PTSD and high risk behaviors” (The Scope Of, 2016). Victims may experience traumatic sexualization, or the shaping of their sexuality in “developmentally inappropriate” and “interpersonally dysfunctional” ways (Effects of Child, 2012). “A child who is the victim of prolonged sexual abuse usually develops low self-esteem, a feeling of worthlessness and an abnormal or distorted view of sex. The child may become withdrawn and mistrustful of adults, and can become suicidal” (Effects of Child, 2012). Overall, the effects and impact of childhood sexual abuse are long lasting and do not diminish when the abuse ends, their childhood trauma follows them into