Breast Cancer is a disease that can sometime lead to ovarian cancer and has caused a lot of women’s death. “About five to ten percent of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary, meaning that they result from gene defects called mutations inherited from a parent”. Related Risks early menstruation, oral contraceptives and child bearing 20 percent. (1)An environmental risk is that toxins can damage breast DNA. Over time damaged DNA can lead to cancer. Your risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older. “1 of 8 breast cancer are found when women are younger than 45. 2 of 3 breast cancer are found in women age 55 years or older 75 percent greater chance”.(1) Breast Cancer can lead Peutz Jeghers syndrome the effects of Peutz Jeghgers is spots on your lips and in their mouths. Women with no children or who had a child after age 30 have slightly higher breast cancer risk. “Screening for breast cancer is early diagnosis increases chance of survival and annual mammogram after age 40”. Women who took Diethylstilbestrol while pregnant could have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer. Birth control peals also cause higher risks 40 to 50 percent for breast cancer risk calms down after they have stopped taking them.(1) Using combined hormone therapy after menopause increase the risk of getting breast cancer , it also increase women chances of dying from it. If you are over weight or obese after menopause greatly increase breast cancer risk 20 percent. Drinking alcohol can cause a major effect for you to start developing breast cancer the risk increase the more you drink. Tobacco smoke, Night work, Antiperspirants, Bras and Induced abortion. Breast cancer takes a lot of toll on women and men of all races and... ... middle of paper ... ...st has 3-4 fold risk of developing new cancer in the other breast this is different from a recurrence of first cancer. “Overall, white women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than African Americans women.” 5-10 percent of breast cancer is caused by inherited genetic mutations. “2-5 percent caused by inherited mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes”. High doses of radiation, such as treating the disease, in women under 30 shows the higher increased risk for breast cancer.(2) Having a risk factor, or even several, doesn’t mean that you will get the disease. If you are overweight the connection between that and breast cancer risk is complex about 25 percent. “You will need to exercise as little as 1.25 to 2.5 hours per week of walking reduced the breast cancer risk by 18 percent”.(2) High fat diets is a high risk that causes breast cancer 50 percent exact.
Women who inherit a mutation in one copy of BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at high risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers6. This could be due to the disruption in the pathway of BRCA proteins in the cell nucleus. If BRCA1 is defective, it loses its ability to fix damaged DNA and causes tumor. It is because once the defective BRCA1 raises, it allows the cells to develop and divide uncontrollably. Since defective in BRCA1 causes cancers, it is important to understanding the function of the protein by analyzing its sequence and structure.
..., t. t. (n.d.). Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Use and Cancer - National Cancer Institute. Comprehensive Cancer Information - National Cancer Institute. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/menopausal-hormones/print
Women who have taken estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Breast cancer cases are 22% higher than
African Americans are also more likely to catch it while they are young and have the aggressive triple- negative breast cancer. This form of breast cancer usually spread more quickly because it is immune to a lot of the treatments that usually help block the growth. It is unknown why this so but it is said to mainly come from socioeconomic factors and genetics.
In the United States, starting from the first breast cancer case in 1930s to today, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer increases to one eighth (Gray et al.). Continuously increasing breast cancer rate has caused a lot of concerns among not only ordinary people but also scientists. For decades, scientists have been working on the causes of breast cancer in order to find the corresponding methods of treatment. However, only about 25% of the breast cancer cases got explained (Brody et al.); till today, heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental estrogen (the female sex hormone), and the dietary fat are the only major known causes (“Cover Story: Breast Cancer and Environment”). For the 75% unexplained breast cancers cases, scientists, through various of researches, have come up with several hypothetical breast cancer causes, in which synthetic chemicals and environmental radiations are the major ones.
The BRCA1 gene is on chromosome 17. BRCA2 is located on chromosome 13. A woman who inherits a mutation in either of these two genes has an increased risk of both breast and ovarian cancer. That is, the same genetic change results in an increased risk of these two cancers. In some families there is also an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, and other cancers, but the risk of these cancers if far lower than the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.1-2
Breast cancer I often caused by inheritance. A mutated gene for breast cancer is passed down to other generations. This makes a person for likely to acquire breast cancer. Some breast cancer is caused by acquired mutations to the breast tissue from radiation, or cancer-causing chemicals. The most common treatment for breast cancer is surgery. This is the removal of partial, or all of the affected breast. This can seem like drastic measures for most women because they are having a part of them that makes them women taken away. Therefore, other forms of treatment include, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and bone-directed therapy.
Jose MD, and Irma Russo, MD, "Susceptibility of the Mammary Gland to Carcinogenesis. Pregnancy Interruption as a Risk Factor in Tumor Incidence," The American Journal of Pathology, Aug. 1980
According to Suzanne Snedeker, associate director of Cornell University’s Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, states that” although levels of exposure are low as far as consumer products are concerned, the cumulative and combined effects may increase the risk of breast cancer”(Moran,2009). This statement alone should bring about awareness and attention to the environment and product consumption. A new study for WWF(World Wildlife Fund) says endocrine disruptors could be implicated in the development of breast cancers at two critical stages,(1) when a female is in the womb and (2) at puberty.... ... middle of paper ... ...
10. If you have a family history of breast cancer, you are likely to develop breast cancer,
In 1896 the scientist Beatson reported that the removal of the ovaries resulted in the reduction of breast cancer tumours (Russo and Irma 1998). Breast cancer is a malignant, metastasizing cancer of the mammary gland. It is the leading cause of death in woman between the ages of 35 - 45. Breast cancer can also occur in males, although less frequent, around 400 men die each year from breast cancer in the united states. (Martini, F., 2004). Studies on rats have shown considerable evidence that rat oestrogens are mammary carcinogens. Oestrogens have shown to stimulate the hormone prolactin. Through studies involving the use of antioestrogens, for example, tamoxifen, "Tamoxifen alone or in combination with the retina all trans-N-(4 hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide (4-HPR) reduces the incidence of NMU-induced mammary tumours in Sprague-Dawley rats." (Jane M. Ussher Ph.D. 1996). This suggests that Oestrogens and Prolactin's can have the effect of the development of breast cancer since the pathogenesis of spontaneous breast cancer in humans is similar to that of chemical-induced rodent mammary cancer. (Jane M. Ussher
Take brisk 30 to 40 minute walks at least three days a week. Aerobic walking increases the efficiency of your heart and lungs, lowers blood pressure and resting heart rate, relieves stress, raises metabolism, improves muscle tone, and improves the health of the bones. If your pace is too slow, however, you will not get the aerobic benefits.
Walking is easy, free, simple, and one of the best ways to lose weight, become healthier and get more active. Though underrated as a form of exercise, walking is ideal for people of all fitness levels, and ages who want to be more active. Walking regularly has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic illnesses, including Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, asthma, stroke and some types of cancer.